Wk 10- Introduction to Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry

Frage 1 von 50

1

What are the “building blocks” for protein macromolecules?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Amino acids
Polysaccharides

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Frage 2 von 50

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What are the “building blocks” for polysaccharides?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

monosaccharides
glucose

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Frage 3 von 50

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What are the “building blocks” for nucleic acids?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

nucleotides
glucose

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Frage 4 von 50

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A nucleotide consists of three things:

- A nitrogenous base, which can be either adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine (in the case of RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil).
- A five-carbon sugar, called deoxyribose because it is lacking an oxygen group on one of its carbons.
- One or more phosphate groups.

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Frage 5 von 50

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What are the “building blocks” for lipid aggregates?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Fatty acids and glycerol
Fatty acids and omega 3

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Frage 6 von 50

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What macromolecule/s can be made up of branched chains?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides

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Frage 7 von 50

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How many standard amino acids are there?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

20
6

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Frage 8 von 50

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How do the standard amino acids differ from one another?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Side (R) groups
Proteins

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Frage 9 von 50

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Amino acids can be classified according to their R group. Why might it be useful to use this classification? (Hint, might some amino acids with similar R groups have similar properties?)

Wähle eine der folgenden:

R group differentiates amino group. L and D stereoisomers determine chiralty
R group differentiates lipid group. L and R stereoisomers determine chiralty

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Frage 10 von 50

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What does it mean if something is Chiral?

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The property of having a 'left' and 'right' form of a molecule/compound. They cannot be superimposed on each other as they are not 'identical'
The property of having completely identical forms of a molecule/compound. They can be superimposed on each other as they are 'identical'

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Frage 11 von 50

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Enantiomers are chiral molecules that are mirror images of one another. Furthermore, the molecules are non-superimposable on one another. This means that the molecules cannot be placed on top of one another and give the same molecule. Chiral molecules with one or more stereocenters can be enantiomers.

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Frage 12 von 50

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What does the L and D in amino acids stand for?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

The L in front of an amino acid is a shortened scientific notation for “levorotatory', the D means 'dextrorotatory'. The terms dextrorotatory and levorotatory refer to an optical property that can be observed and measured in a laboratory, by shining a beam of polarized light through a medium containing the substance.
The L in front of an amino acid is a shortened scientific notation for “levorous', the D means 'dextrous'. The terms dextrous and levorous refer to an optical property that can be observed and measured in a laboratory, by shining a beam of polarized light through a medium containing the substance.

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Frage 13 von 50

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Levorotatory is (of a compound) having the property of rotating the plane of a polarized light ray to the left, i.e. anticlockwise facing the oncoming radiation.

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Frage 14 von 50

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Levorotatory is (of a compound) having the property of rotating the plane of a polarized light ray to the right, i.e. anticlockwise facing the oncoming radiation.

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Frage 15 von 50

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Dextrorotatory (of a compound) is having the property of rotating the plane of a polarized light ray to the right, i.e. clockwise facing the oncoming radiation.

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Frage 16 von 50

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What is a peptide bond?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

less than 50 amino acids in the linear sequence
more than 50 amino acids in the linear sequence

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Frage 17 von 50

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Explain why amino acids are important.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Amino acids are a source of energy, they contribute about 10-15% of metabolic energy and are precursors to other important biomolecules
Although Amino acids are not a source of energy, they contribute about 5-10% of cattabolic energy and occasionally are precursors to other important biomolecules

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Frage 18 von 50

1

Select Three examples of important Disaccharides.

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
Fructose

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Frage 19 von 50

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How is Diabetes mellitus diagnosed?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Blood glucose test
Glycosuria test

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Frage 20 von 50

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Select the Four major roles of Protein.

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Plays a role in immunity, growth, regulation of genes and communication (hormones, cells)
Generates movement in cells and tissues (e.g. myosin in muscle) and structural support
Breaks down covalent bonds and transforms one chemical into another (e.g. enzymes)
Carries and stores small molecules or ions (e.g. haemoglobin carrying oxygen)
Prevents urine incontinence, hair growth and eye function

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Frage 21 von 50

1

Give an example of important Monosaccharides

Wähle eine der folgenden:

D-Glucose, D-Fructose, D-Ribose
D-Glucose, D-Fructose, D-Lactose

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Frage 22 von 50

1

Select three (3) major functions of lipids.

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Storage - fuels, insulation, protection, heat production
Structural - biological membranes
Specific biological actions - Biological messengers - intracellular and extracellular, Co-factors for enzymes, Electron carriers and effectors
Storage - ATP, Warmth, Oxytocin

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Frage 23 von 50

1

Select Four examples of lipid aggregates.

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

micelles
liposomes
membranes
lipoproteins
lysosomes

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Frage 24 von 50

1

Select four (4) of the major functions of carbohydrates in a cell

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

– structure
– nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
– cell to cell communication
- energy source
- makes up the cytoplasm

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Frage 25 von 50

1

What is Beer ’s Law?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

a more concentrated solution absorbs more light than a more dilute solution does.
a more diluted solution absorbs more light than a more concentrated solution does.

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Frage 26 von 50

1

What is Lambert’s Law?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

states that absorbance of a material sample is directly proportional to its thickness
states that absorbance of a material sample is irregardless of its thickness

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Frage 27 von 50

1

What is the combined Lambert-Beer Law?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

As the light passes through a solution, the intensity of light transmitted decrease, exponentially with increasing path length (lamberts law) and with increasing concentration of the absorbing substance (Beers law)
As the light passes through a solution, the intensity of light transmitted decrease, exponentially with increasing path length (lamberts law) and with decreasing concentration of the absorbing substance (Beers law)

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Frage 28 von 50

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Lipids may not be considered true macromolecules because of their structure. Briefly explain.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Because individual monomers (fatty acids) are not covalently bound to each other in a macromolecular structure
individual monomers (fatty acids) are not ionic compounds to each other in a macromolecular structure

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Frage 29 von 50

1

Can two sugar molecules have different configurations despite having the same molecular formula?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Yes - because of stereoisomers
No - because there is no such thing

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Frage 30 von 50

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Is it more convenient to use Absorbance or Transmittance to determine the concentration of a substance?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Transmittance - The difference between the intensity of the incident light beam Io and the intensity of the light transmitted by the solution It
Absorbance - The difference between the intensity of the incident light beam Io and the intensity of the light transmitted by the solution It

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Frage 31 von 50

1

What is the general structure of an amino acid

Wähle eine der folgenden:

alpha (α) carbon, carboxyl group, amino group, ‘R’ group
alpha (α) hydrogen, carboxyl group, amino group, ‘R’ group

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Frage 32 von 50

1

Explain the term Diabetes mellitus

Wähle eine der folgenden:

high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
low blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.

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Frage 33 von 50

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Spectrophotometers can be used to measure the absorbance of light of a particular wavelength by a certain material. What is meant by the term absorbance?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

The amount of light absorbed by the material used depending on thickness
The amount of light unabsorbed by the material used depending on thickness

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Frage 34 von 50

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Why is the selection of optimal analytical wavelength important for spectrophotometric measurement?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Because different compounds absorb light at different wavelengths, a spectrophotometer can be used to distinguish compounds by analyzing the pattern of wavelengths absorbed by a given sample.
Because some compounds do not absorb light at different wavelengths, therefore a spectrophotometer can not be used to distinguish compounds by analyzing the pattern of wavelengths absorbed by a given sample.

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Frage 35 von 50

1

List two examples of terms that describe different secondary structures that can be found in proteins.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Final folded form of the protein.
α-helix, β-sheet and Turns

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Frage 36 von 50

1

What is meant by the term 'Protein Primary Structure'

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Linear sequence of amino acids.
Folds, Helices and Strands

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Frage 37 von 50

1

What is meant by the term 'Protein Secondary Structure'

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Secondary protein structure is the general 3-dimensional form of local segments of a protein. The most common secondary structures are alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets.
This process happens in the nucleus. In the cytoplasm, ribosomes will interact with the transcript and create a protein (polypeptide) from individual amino acids.

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Frage 38 von 50

1

What is meant by the term 'Protein Tertiary Structure'

Wähle eine der folgenden:

The general 3-dimensional form of local segments of a protein. The most common structures are alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets.
Tertiary structures involve packaging and folding the secondary structures into compact globular regions called protein domains.

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Frage 39 von 50

1

What is meant by the term 'Protein Quaternary Structure'

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Protein quaternary structure is the number and arrangement of multiple folded protein subunits in a multi-subunit complex.
Amino acids form structures such as alpha helices, beta sheets, and random coils, which in turn fold on themselves

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Frage 40 von 50

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A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two amino acids

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Frage 41 von 50

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Stereoisomers are isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space.

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Frage 42 von 50

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A codon is the sequence of 3 consecutive nucleotides on a DNA or RNA strand. It either codes for a specific amino acid in a polypeptide or terminates the polypeptide chain

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Frage 43 von 50

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peptide = less than 50 amino acids in the linear sequence
polypeptide or protein = more than 50 amino acids in the linear sequence

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Frage 44 von 50

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Protein Structure

❌
Linear sequence of amino acids.

❌
Backbone of the polypeptide chain folds into regular geometric structures.
• α-helix
• β-sheet
• Turns

❌
Final folded form of the protein.
The native form of the protein.

❌
Association of two, or more, polypeptide tertiary structures.
e.g.haemoglobin is comprised of two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains

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Primary structure

Quaternary structure

Tertiary structure

Secondary structure

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Frage 45 von 50

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Lipids are composed of relatively simpler smaller molecules and they can form very large structures through non covalent associations

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Frage 46 von 50

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Unsaturated lipids have a double bond

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Frage 47 von 50

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When lipids are placed in an aqueous solvent, they cluster together forming microscopic lipid aggregates. In a lipid aggregate, the hydrophobic component of lipids are in contact with each other, while the polar head groups are in contact with the aqueous solvent.

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Frage 48 von 50

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Carbohydrate– ‘hydrate of carbon ’ Cn H2nOn (where n ≥3)

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Frage 49 von 50

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Oligosaccharides:
- 2 to 20 monosaccharides
-polysaccharides - ≥20 monosaccharides

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Frage 50 von 50

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Carbohydrate - structure
• General name
– according to number of carbons eg. trioses, tetroses,
pentoses, hexoses, heptoses
– according to type: aldose or ketose
• Aldoses
– aldehyde group in the structure
• Ketoses
– ketone group in the structure

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