Each vowel has a number of properties that distinguish it from other vowels.

SHORT VOWELS
-Vowel sounds that are pronounced in a short form. In RP English the short vowel sounds are those in 'pet', 'pot', 'put', 'putt', 'pat' and 'pit', and the schwa sound.

LONG VOWELS
-Tends to be longer than short vowels in similar contexts

DIPTHONGS:
The most important feature of a diphthong is that it contains a glide from one vowel
quality to another one. BBC English contains a large number of diphthongs

there are:

-three ending in ɪ (eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ)

- two ending in ʊ (əʊ, aʊ)

-three ending in ə (ɪə, eə, ʊə).