Evidence with individual characteristics can lead to a determination of common origin (single source). Which type of evidence CANNOT yield such results?
Random striations on tools
Fingerprints
Wear patterns on tires
Single-layer paints
The likelihood of finding class physical evidence is ____________ the likelihood of finding physical evidence with individual characteristics.
The same as
Less than
Greater than
Physical evidence is considered to have _______ as that of eyewitness (testimonial) evidence.
The same value
Greater value
Less value
The corroborative use of physical evidence means that it can be used to:
Provide a lead to give the investigation direction
Establish a definitive identity
Support other investigative findings
Rule out a particular suspect
Physical evidence can be used to exonerate or exclude a person from suspicion if:
It is collected in accordance with the Fourth Amendment
The standard reference sample (control) from the person does not share characteristics with evidence at the crime scene
It does not have a well-documented chain of custody
Evidence taken from suspect is obtained voluntarily
Forensic databases are maintained for all of the following EXCEPT
Dental impressions
DNA
Automotive paint
The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) became fully operational in what year?
1998
1991
1978
1999
A component of the National Integrated Ballistics Information Network is called:
PDQ
CODIS
IBIS
a and b
When a forensic analyst determines the chemical composition of preparations that may contain illicit drugs such as heroin, cocaine, or barbiturates, this is an example of:
Individualization
Identification
Classification
Comparison
The examination of a paint chip found on a hit-and-run victim’s garment side-by-side with paint removed from a vehicle suspected of being involved in the incident is an example of:
Evidence having class characteristics can:
Exonerate an innocent suspect
Link a person to a crime with a high degree of certainty
Always be fitted together in a the manner of a jigsaw puzzle
Have no evidential value
If the laboratory can piece broken glass from a window or headlight together, then the evidence has _______ characteristics.
Comparative
Individual
Class
A comparison analysis subjects a suspect specimen and a control specimen to the same tests and examinations for the ultimate purpose of determining
Whether or not they have a common origin
If they are identical in chemical composition
If the same person handled them
If they are alike in molecular structure
Determining that an explosive mixture contains dynamite is an example of the process of:
Class characterizations
The computerized database used to store DNA information is:
AFIS
NIBIN
Drugfire
To calculate the overall frequency of occurrence of a blood type in a population, the _____ can be applied by using a series of blood factors that occur independently of each other.
Locard's exchange principle
Multiplication table
Tangent method
Product rule
The value of class physical evidence lies in its ability to:
State with certainty the identify of the perpetrator
Corroborate events with data in a manner nearly without bias
Determine the probability of the occurrence of an event
Determine the quality of forensic analyses carried out on the evidence
Which of the following is a national fingerprint and criminal history system maintained by the FBI and launched in 1999?
IAFIS
SICAR
Paint chips, random glass fragments, and synthetic fibers all exhibit:
Individual characteristics
Class characteristics
Identification characteristics
Comparison characteristics
The database that contains chemical and color information pertaining to original automotive paints is the:
The database that includes more than 300 manufacturers of shoes with more than 8,000 different sole patterns is the:
Which source of CODIS contains DNA profiles from unsolved crime scene evidence?
Offender index
National index
Forensic index
DNA index
The PDQ is maintained by the:
FBI
RCMP
ATF
National DNA Database
The "jigsaw fit" of known and questioned fragments is important for court presentation primarily because:
It is quick way of demonstrating how the object broke
Courts and juries are too nonscientific to understand it any other way
Instrumental analysis is too complicated to explain to nontechnical juries
This method will definitely demonstrate common origin when a match is made
Who ultimately determines the significance of physical evidence in a trial?
The judge
Expert witness
The Supreme Court
The jury
Multiplying together the frequencies of independently occurring factors is called the:
Multiplication rule
Frequency rule
Factor rule
A computerized archive of information relating to a specific type of physical evidence is a(n):
Evidence database
Information database
Comparison database
Forensic database
