Pharmacology

What is an allergy?

Types of hypersensitivity reactions

Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
examples

Allergic Conjunctivitis
SAC
PAC

Vernal Keratoconjuctivitis
VKC

Atopic Keratoconjuctivitis
AKC

TYPE 1 reaction
2 stages:
1) initial sensitisation
2) subsequent exposure

Histamine receptors

Type 2 and type 3 hypersensitivity

Type 4 hypersensitivity

Giant Papillary Conjuctivitis

Astringent eye washes and drops

Ocular decongestants

Ocular decongestants examples and problems

Antihistamines

Antihistamines
how do they work?
examples

Examples of
dual action antihistamine
and mast cell stabilser

antihistamine problems

Mast cell stabiliser

Mast cell stabiliser examples

Mast cell stabiliser
indications
problems

oral antihistamines

what is inflammation?

stages of inflammation

components of inflammatory response

signs of inflammation

How are chemical mediators synthesised?

Prostaglandins

COX enzymes

NSAIDS- inhibit the PG synthesis

example of topical NSAIDS

Systemic NSAIDs

anti inflammatory action of corticosteroids
SAIDS

TOPICAL SAIDs

topical SAIDS examples

other inflammation measured

pain pathway

ocular pain pathway

Pyresis

Pyresis V hyperthermia

paracetamol
v NSAIDS

Cox enzyme inhibition
Aspirin
ibuprofen
paracetol

drugs and Analgesic activity

painkillers drug safety

Opioid analgesics

Opioids and pain pathway

Codeine

dihydrocodeine

OPIOID ANTAGONISTS

mixed action compounds

general ocular response

sites of ocular infecction

class of micro- organisms

Bacteria characteristics

bacterial resistance

Differentiation of bacteria

Common bacterial causes of infection

Mechanism of action ( bacteria)

penicillions and cepholosporins

Mechanism of action - pencillion

Pencillin use

Bacitracin

Vanomycin

drugs affecting cell membrane permeability

drugs affecting protein synthesis

Aminogylcosides

tetracyclines

chloramphenicol

macrolides

Fusidic ACID

inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

quinolones/ fluoroquinolones

interference with uptake of DNA, rna precursers

propamidine and dibromopropamidine

antibiotics with antimetabolitee activity

Sulpohamides

trimethorpim

optometrist and bacteria management

Acanthamoeba keratitis

treatment of acanthameoba keratitis

viruses

viral replication

virus transcription and translation

viral infections

Herpesvirus infections

virus and infection

herpes varicella zoster infections

cytomegalovirus

antiviral drugs

mechanism of action - antiviral

anti viral
side effects
drug regime

RNA retroviruses

fungi

fungal infections

fungal keratitis

polyenes

azoles

other antifungals

open angle glaucoma

sites of aqueous humour production and outflow

glaucoma

what do we want for an antiglaucoma treatment

Drugs and mechanism of action
parasympathomimetics?
beta blockers?
alpha 2 agonists?
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
hyperomsotic agents?
prostaglandin analogues?
prostamide analogues?

POM only

management of glaucoma?

NICE GUIDELINES FOR GLAUCOMA

Prostaglandin analogues

prostglandin analogues examaples

prostamide analogue

prostaglandin and prostamide analogues

Beta Blockers
-facts

beta blocker mechanism

beta blockers
- advantages
- disadvantages

beta blockers side effects

normal tension glaucoma

beta blockers for glaucoma

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
mechanism

systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

other CAIs

Sympathomimetics

ALPHA 2 ADRENOCEPTOR

alpha 2 adrenoreceptor agonists examples

parasympathomimetics

future glaucoma medication

how to treat dry eye with no drugs?

level 1 pharamcological approaches

tear substitutes
artificial tears

tear substitutes
POLYMERS

tear film
polymers
HPMC

tear substitutes polymers
HMC
CMC

tear substitutes
lubricants

tear substitute
gels

tear substitutes
ointments

problems associated with tear substitures

Biofilm

viscoelastic preperations

Lipid spray

mucolytics

dry eye alternative approach
anti inflammatory

dry eye alternative approach
ciclosporin A

dry eye alternative approach
Lifitgrast

IL-1 inhibitors
dry eye alternative approach

dry eye alternative approach
tetracylcline

secretagogues

Commonly prescribed drug

statin what are they used for?

warfarin

Aspirin

thyroxine

anti hypertensives

beta blockers

diuretics

calcium channel blockers

ACE inhibitors and angiotensin antagonists

anti asthma drugs

anti diabetic drugs

Adverse Reactions
muscarinic antagonist

Adverse reaction
Anti-dysrhythmics: Amiodorone

Adverse reactions
anti dysrhythmics
DIGOXIN

Adverse reactions
beta blockers

adverse reaction
anti-epileptic drugs

adverse reaction
hormones

adverse reactions
adrenal steroids

adverse reactions
NSAIDS

adverse reaction
anti malarials

adverse reaction
drugs used for erectile dysfunction

types of adverse reactions

type A adverse reactions

biologics definition

SMEs v biologics

why do we use biologics?

antibodies as biologics