When using inhaled medications, how much typically reaches the airway?
10-20%
30-50%
50-70%
80-90%
Anti-cholinergics __________ the parasympathetic nervous system, rather than __________ the sympathetic nervous system.
stimulate; block
block; stimulate
Corticosteroids are great for asthma because they inhibit inflammatory mediators.
Which of the following are inflammatory mediators?
cytokines
leukotrienes
prostaglandins
all the above are correct
Leukotrienes result in increased secretions in airways.
‘Degranulation’ refers to destabilized mast cell membranes allowing the release of histamine.
Theophylline has a __________ therapeutic window?
Wide
Narrow
How do anti-tussives work?
a. anesthetize stretch receptors in bronchial track
b. work directly on the ‘cough center’ in the brain
c. both a and b are correct
d. neither is true because its mechanism is unknown
In which drug class is there a drug with a “rotten egg” odor that may cause nausea?
expectorants
anti-tussives
mucolytics
decongestants
Cigarette smoking can cause hyper secretion of gastric acids.
Antacids are primarily used to relieve pain.
Stomach parietal cells are responsible for acid secretion.
Oral proton pump inhibitors are unstable in stomach acid and so must be taken enteric-coated.
Misoprostol is used to treat peptic ulcers caused by NSAIDs.
Anti-flatulents are not absorbed.
These anti-diarrheal drugs reduce GI cramping by blocking serotonin.
opioid-related
kaolin and pectin
5-HT3 receptor antagonists
Which laxative softens the stool?
hyperosmolars
dietary fiber
emollients
stimulants
lubricants
Which laxative prevents water reabsorption?
Both emetics and anti-emetics can work on the brain vomiting center.
Which laxative irritates intestinal mucosa to encourage peristalsis?
