A tough, rigid structure lying just outside a plant cells membrane; provides support for the cell
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Separate the inside of the cell from the external environment; controls flow of materials into and out of the cell
Golgi apparatus
Vacuole
Help to produce proteins, which make up much of the cells structure and are required for activities necessary for survival
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Controls the cells activities
Ribosomes
Nucleolus
Nuclear pore
Where energy is released from glucose to fuel cell activity
Cytoplasm
Traps energy from the sun to make glucose, which is broken down in the mitochondria to power cell activity
Includes the cytosal, the organelles, and other life supporting materials such as sugar and water
Cytoskeleton
chloroplast
Filaments and tubules that provide a framework for the cell, helping it maintain its structure and providing tracks along where they move
Nuclear membrance
Sister chromatids are pulled by the spindle fibers, separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell. Each sister is now considered a separate chromosome
Prophase
Anaphase
Metaphase
Telophase
The nuclear membrane dissolves and disappears. DNA condenses into sister chromatids joined by a centromere. Centraomes appear and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell. Spindle fibers form between the ends towards the chromosomes.
Interphase
Centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell. Chromatids attach to the spindle fibers and are pushed by the fibers to line up in the middle of the cell
DNA strands are replicated into identical strands. DNA appears as thread like coils called chromatin inside the nucleus.
Cytokinesis
In animal cells the cell membrane moves inwards (pinches) to create two daughter cells - each has its own nucleus with identical chromosomes. Plant cells instead of 'pinching' a cell plate forms which separates the 2 new nuclei, this cell plate becomes the wall
nuclear membranes reform to form 2 new nuclei. Spindle fibers break down. Chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads rather than rods) - become invisible. In animals cells the cell begins to 'pinch' together
Leaf cross section - Reduces the amount of water that evaporates from the surface
Stomata
Spongy parenchyma cells
Cuticle
Epidermal cells
Leaf cross section - Center of leaf. Xylem and phloem arranged. Form veins, tips of the veins meet the open space in parenchyma cells
Palisade cells
Vascular bundles
Guard cells
Leaf cross section - Change their shape to control opening/closing of pores
Leaf cross section - A sheet of dermal tissue protection, produces the cuticle
Leaf cross section - Under palisade cells. Loosely packed to form a network of open spaces. Contains the gases used for photosynthesis.
Leaf cross section - Allows gases to move in and out. Scattered across the lower surface.
Leaf cross section - Performs photosynthesis. Arranged in lines to resemble poles.
Which animal tissue is this: Lines surface of body, made of strong connecting cells (skin epithela, columnar epithelia)
Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous
Which animal tissue is this: Receive and transfer signals (signs from brain, spinal cord to muscles and glands. Detects info from their environment and triggers the bodies responses)
Which animal tissue is this: Strong, supports, protects, binds and connects (blood, bone, fat)
Which animal tissue is this: Changes their shape (Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle)
The ❌ system defends the body against infections
The ❌ system makes and releases hormones to keep systems 'balanced'
The ❌ system transports blood, nutrients, gases, waste and hormones
The ❌ system detects environmental changes, signals, response and thinking
The ❌ system supports and protects, works with muscles to move body
The ❌ system does gas exchange between external and internal environments
The ❌ system takes and breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, removes solid waste
The ❌ system produces sperm and egg
The ❌ system removes liquid waste from the body
The ❌ system creates an almost waterproof barrier around the body
The ❌ system moves parts of the body
The Aorta sends oxygenated blood back to the heart
Superior vena cava brings blood back to the heart from the upper body
The pulmonary artery carries blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation
The inferior vena cava brings blood from the heart to the lower body
Which re the factors that affect cell differentiation
Movement of the cell - how much the cell has moved around
Cytoplasm in the cell - amount of cytoplasm and number of organelles
Shape of the cell - if the cell is circular
Environmental conditions - temp, nutrients, contamination
Neighboring cells - diffusion across membrane from one cell to another
Checkpoint proteins - some proteins act like stop signs during the cell cycle in order to control cell division. It will not proceed if something is wrong. What are the checkpoint protein stop signs
The DNA is damaged
Cell is not in the same shape as it was before the cell cycle
Chromosomes are not acting 'normally' during mitosis
The chromosomes are too big
The DNA is not replicated in interphase
The cell is low on nutrients
Plant tissues Ground Vascular Dermal( Ground, Vascular, Dermal ) tissue is a protective covering, protects inner tissues, controls gas and water exchange
Plant tissues The Ground Vascular Dermal( Ground, Vascular, Dermal ) tissue transports (phloem xylem( phloem, xylem ) transports water, phloem xylem( phloem, xylem ) transports sugar)
Plant tissues Ground Vascular Dermal( Ground, Vascular, Dermal ) tissue supports, and preforms photosynthesis
Which equation is cellular respiration
CO2 + H2O + light > C6H12O6 + O2
C6H12O6 + O2 > CO2 + H2O
Proteins: Transport Hormones Enzymes Structural( Transport, Hormones, Enzymes, Structural ): help to speed up chemical reactions
Proteins: Transport Hormones Enzymes Structural( Transport, Hormones, Enzymes, Structural ): Structure within the cell membrane that transports nutrients into and out of the cell
Proteins: Transport Hormones Enzymes Structural( Transport, Hormones, Enzymes, Structural ): Provides support and structure for the organism
Proteins: Transport Hormones Enzymes Structure( Transport, Hormones, Enzymes, Structure ): Carry chemical messages to different parts of the body
