A study found that depressed people showed an increased response to facial expressions of fear and a decreased response to happy expressions
Depression is more common in men than women
Most depressed people have decreased activity in the left and increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors normally inhibit reuptake of serotonin
Antidepressant drugs have effects at the synapse within hours, but may take weeks to change behaviour
Bipolar II disorder is a more severe form of mania than bipolar I disorder
Generally speaking, dopamine and glutamate have opposite effects in the prefrontal cortex
Atypical antipsychotics are effective in treating only the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a one-gene disorder and a one-neurotransmitter disorder
The differences between ordinary and major depression depend on:
Intensity and duration
When they occur in one's lifespan
Geographic location and gender
Society and diet
On average, those with the short form of the _____ gene and a history of stressful experiences reported more than averages symptoms of depression
Dopamine
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Calcium
Which of the following MOST strongly increases your risk of depression?
Relatives with late-onset depression
Relatives with early-onset depression
Spending time with a depressed person (regardless of being related)
Living in South America
SSRIs work similarly to:
MAOIs
Tricyclics
Antabuse
L-Dopa
In contrast to tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):
Increase action potential velocity
Block reuptake of both catecholamines and serotonin
Block the reuptake of only serotonin
Act on the left hemisphere while tricyclics act on the right
When ECT proved to be ineffective for schizophrenia, it was:
Used to enhance memory
Abandoned as a means of treatment for psychiatric disorders
Used to stimulate the immune system
Used to treat other mental illnesses
The cheapest and simplest antidepressant procedure is:
Food deprivation
Sleep deprivation
Massage
Regular non-strenuous exercise
Someone with bipolar disorder alternates between:
Mania and normal
Schizophrenia and normal
Depression and dementia
Mania and depression
Lithium is most commonly prescribed for which disorder?
Endogenous depression
Seasonal affective disorder
Reactive depression
Bipolar disorder
People suffering from seasonal affective disorder are most likely to become depressed in the:
Autumn
Days after any holiday
Winter
Spring
Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of schizophrenia?
Delusions
Deterioration of everyday functioning
Impaired understanding of abstract concepts
Alternation between one personality and another
An example of a "negative symptom" of schizophrenia is:
Poor emotional expression
Hallucinations
Thought disorder
A first diagnosis of schizophrenia is usually made for a person in which age range?
20s
Preteens
30s or 40s
50s or beyond
Which of the following increases the probability that someone will develop schizophrenia?
Having at least one older brother
Having an older than average father
Being the only child in the family
Having a mother who is older than the father
Concerning the genetics of schizophrenia, which of these currently seems most likely?
Most cases are due to a single gene, but researchers have not found that gene
Most cases can be traced to a single gene, which has been identified
Schizophrenia requires a combination of two uncommon genes
Schizophrenia often results from a new micro deletion of part of a chromosome
Brain damage common to schizophrenia includes:
Proliferation of glial cells
Larger than normal cerebral ventricles
Loss of axons between the substantial nigra and the basal ganglia
Heavier forebrain
According to the dopamine hypothesis, what causes schizophrenia?
Deficient activity at dopamine synapses
Excessive activity at dopamine synapses
An unusual point of origin for dopamine fibres in the brain
An unusual course and destination of dopamine fibres in the brain
An alternative to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is the proposal that schizophrenia may be due to a deficiency of activity of _____ synapses.
Glutamate
Substance P
A serious side effect that develops in some people after prolonged use of neuroleptic drugs is:
Attention deficit disorder
Tardive dyskinesia
Saccadic eye movements
What kind of drug alleviates schizophrenia with little risk of producing tardive dyskinesia
Atypical antipsychotics
Neuroleptics
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Lithium
The difference between ordinary and major depression depends on:
When they occur in one's lifetime
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of depression?
Impulsiveness
Sleep disorders
Inactivity
Suicidal tendencies
Major depression is diagnosed about _____ in women as in men
Four times as often
The same
Three times as often
Twice as often
Which of the following is true of depression?
A single gene has been identified that causes depression
Men are more likely to be depressed than women
The influence of traumatic events during young adulthood depends on particular genes for serotonin
Female hormone levels are strongly correlated with depression
Most depressed people show _____ activity in the _____ prefrontal cortex
Increased ; left
Decreased; left
Decreased; right
Increased; right and left
Tricyclic drugs work by:
Blocking the release of catecholamines
Preventing the presynaptic cell from reabsorbing catecholamines
Directly stimulating the postsynaptic cell's catecholamines receptors
Increasing the rate of synthesis of catecholamines
Which category of antidepressant drug operates by blocking the enzyme that metabolises catecholamines and serotonins into inactive forms?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Atypical antidepressants
Electroconvulsive shock therapy is sometimes recommended for patients with strong suicidal tendencies because it:
Produces its benefits faster
Does not impair memory
Produces permanent, not temporary relief
Is based on a theory, not just trial and error disoceries
People with unipolar disorder are characterised by:
Obsessions and compulsions
Varying between depression and mania
Varying between depression and a normal mood
Chemical imbalances in one half of their brain
Lithium is most commonly prescribed for which disorder
Someone with deterioration of everyday functioning and hallucinations or delusions or thought disorders would likely to be classified as having which disorder?
Schizophrenia
Klinefelter's syndrome
Acute schizophrenia has
Slow onset and a long-term course
Sudden onset and good prospects for recovery
Alternation between positive and negative symptoms
A mixture of positive and negative symptoms simultaneously
A schizophrenic patient whose main symptoms are lack of emotional expression, lack of social interaction, and lack of speech is suffering from:
Positive symptoms
Negative symptoms
Thought disorders
Cell bodies in the brains of people with schizophrenia are especially smaller than normal in the:
Hippocampus and hypothalamus
Thalamus and hypothalamus
Hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
Medulla and pons
Why is blocking dopamine synapses to relieve schizophrenic symptoms not a strong clue about the underlying problem?
It only works for about 10-15% of all patients
It takes 2-3 weeks to affect a behavioural change
It only works for about 2-3 weeks
People with schizophrenia produce too much dopamine
Imipramine operates by blocking the reuptake of catecholamines and serotonin by presynaptic terminals. This drug will be classified as a/an:
a. Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
b. Selective serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
c. Tricyclic
d. Benzodiazepine
Nardil operates by blocking the enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms. This drug will be classified as a/an:
Prozac operates by blocking the reuptake of serotonin. This drug will be classified as a/an:
b. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
Sam is suffering from periods of restless activity, excitement, laughter, self-confidence, rambling speech and loss of inhibitions; which alternate with periods of depression.
Depression
Anxiety
People with full-blown episodes of mania are said to have:
a. Bipolar II
b. Bipolar I
c. Hypomania
d. ADHD
