Musculoskeletal Development

What is the axial skeleton comprised of?

What is the axial skeleton derived from?

When and how do the somites appear?

What does each somite divide into?

What does the sclerotome give rise to?

What doe the dermomyotome give rise to?

What is the more recently discovered layer between the sclerotome and the dermomyotome, and what does it give rise to?

Describe how the vertebral bodies form?

How does the vertebral canal, transverse, costal and spinous processes form?

How do the intervertebral discs form?

How do spinal nerves form?

What do the costal processes become?

What can be some abnormalities of the sclerotome? (3)

How does the sternum form?

What do the first 5 somites form?

What are the limb buds made from?

What do the limb buds form?

What do the limb buds NOT form, and so where does it come from instead?

What are the 3 stages of limb development?

What cells lie at the most distal part of the limb buds and what do they form?

What is their function?

What is the basic method of cell signalling here?

Apart from the apical ectodermal ridges (AER), which other area of the limb bud secretes signalling molecules?

In what direction are the limbs patterned?

Which specific set of genes are involved in limb and digit patterning?

How are the digits separated?

What are some defects in limb development? (4)

How do the dermatomes develop?

What does the myotome form?

What is the epimere? What is its innervation?

What is the hypomere? What is its innervation?

How do the limb muscles form?

What is the innervation of the limb muscles?

What controls the differentiation of the somites into the different sections?

What process is the development of muscle fibres in embryogenesis similar to in the adult body?

How does the NMJ form?