2808NRS Human Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 (Module 1)

Frage 1 von 130

1

A 56-year-old male is diagnosed with coronary heart disease. Which of the following modifiable risk factors would most likely influence development of this disease?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

cigarette smoking.
his age.
the geographic location of home.
his sex.

Erklärung

Frage 2 von 130

1

In general, atherosclerosis is triggered by:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

injured neutrophils.
deposited adipose cells.
macrophages that engulf LDL.
lipid-laden mast cells.

Erklärung

Frage 3 von 130

1

Plaques consisting of lipids, cells, fibrin, and debris, often with attached thrombi that can obstruct arteries and arterioles, are referred to as:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Atheromas
Sarcomas
Fibromas
Prothrombi

Erklärung

Frage 4 von 130

1

The most common cause of myocardial ischaemia is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

venous emboli.
atherosclerosis.
vasospasm.
arterial emboli from heart valve vegetation.

Erklärung

Frage 5 von 130

1

A 32-year-old female presents with lower leg pain and redness. An ultrasound reveals venous thrombus. Which of the following would be most likely to have caused her condition?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

atherosclerosis.
heart valve damage.
bacterial infection.
vascular injury and inflammation.

Erklärung

Frage 6 von 130

1

A 75-year-old obese female presents to her GP complaining of oedema in the lower extremities. Physical exam reveals that she has varicose veins. Which of the following is a most likely cause?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

ischaemia.
extreme exercise.
long periods of standing.
dyslipidemia.

Erklärung

Frage 7 von 130

1

A 28-year-old female presents with severe chest pain and shortness of breath. She is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism, which most likely originated from the:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

deep veins of the leg.
left ventricle.
systemic arteries.
superficial veins of the body.

Erklärung

Frage 8 von 130

1

A 52-year-old male presents with pooling of blood in the veins of the lower extremities and oedema. He is predisposed to:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

deep vein thrombosis.
skin hyperpigmentation.
stasis ulcers.
all answers are correct.

Erklärung

Frage 9 von 130

1

A 65-year-old female presents to the ED complaining of difficulty swallowing and shortness of breath. A CT scan would most likely reveal an aneurysm in the:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

cerebral vessels.
illiac arteries.
inferior vena cava.
thoracic aorta.

Erklärung

Frage 10 von 130

1

The build-up of fatty plaques within the wall of arteries is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Ischaemic heart disease
Peripheral vascular disease
Atherosclerosis
Hypertension

Erklärung

Frage 11 von 130

1

Which of the following types of drugs is NOT typically used to treat hypertension?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Thiazide diuretics
Nitrates
ACE inhibitors
Calcium channel blockers

Erklärung

Frage 12 von 130

1

Hypertension that is idiopathic is known as:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Angina
Secondary
Essential
Tertiary

Erklärung

Frage 13 von 130

1

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include all the following except:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Low levels of LDL blood serum
Hypertension
Smoking
Advanced age

Erklärung

Frage 14 von 130

1

A stationary blood clot within an artery is a:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Myocardial infarction
Embolus
Stroke
Thrombus

Erklärung

Frage 15 von 130

1

A 62-year-old male presents to his GP complaining of chest pain at rest and on exertion. He does not have a history of coronary artery disease and reports that the pain often occurs at night. He is most likely experiencing which type of angina?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Exertional
Stable
Variant
Unstable

Erklärung

Frage 16 von 130

1

A 53-year-old male presents with recurrent chest pain on exertion. He is diagnosed with angina pectoris. The pain he experiences occurs when:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

the vagus nerve is stimulated.
myocardial stretch has exceeded the upper limits.
the myocardial oxygen supply has fallen below demand.
cardiac output has fallen below normal levels.

Erklärung

Frage 17 von 130

1

A 51-year-old male is at his health clinic for an annual physical exam. After walking from the car to the clinic, he developed a substernal pain. He also reported discomfort in his left shoulder and his jaw, lasting two to three minutes and then subsiding with rest. He indicates that this has occurred frequently over the past few months with similar exertion. He is most likely to be experiencing:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

stable angina
unstable angina
variant angina
myocardial infarction

Erklärung

Frage 18 von 130

1

A 52-year-old female is diagnosed with coronary heart disease. She would be expected primarily to suffer from myocardial:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

hypertrophy.
ischaemia.
necrosis.
dilation.

Erklärung

Frage 19 von 130

1

Cardiac cells can withstand ischaemic conditions for _____ before irreversible cell injury occurs.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

30 minutes
60 minutes
1 minute
20 minutes

Erklärung

Frage 20 von 130

1

A 49-year-old male presents to his GP complaining of chest pain. An ECG reveals ST elevation. He is diagnosed with myocardial ischaemia. Which of the following interventions would be most beneficial?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

decrease in ventricular volume with diuretic
increase cardiac contractility
increase heart rate
increase myocardial oxygen supply

Erklärung

Frage 21 von 130

1

A 55-year-old male died of myocardial infarction. Autopsy would most likely reveal:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

platelet aggregation within an atherosclerotic coronary artery.
decreased ventricular diastolic filling time.
embolisation of plaque from the aorta.
smooth muscle dysplasia in the coronary artery.

Erklärung

Frage 22 von 130

1

A 75-year-old male presents with severe chest pain. Lab tests in hospital reveal elevated levels of creatine kinase and lactic dehydrogenase. These elevated levels indicate probable:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Unstable angina
Hypertension
Stable angina
Myocardial infarction

Erklärung

Frage 23 von 130

1

A 60-year-old female had a myocardial infarction. She was brought to hospital 30 minutes later. She survived but now has impaired ventricular function because:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

there was a temporary alteration in electrolyte balance.
the resulting ischaemia led to hypoxic injury and myocardial cell death.
there was too much stress on the heart.
the cells became hypertrophic.

Erklärung

Frage 24 von 130

1

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL):

Wähle eine der folgenden:

transport cholesterol from cells to the liver for excretion.
contain only small amounts of cholesterol.
promote atheroma development.
are associated with low intake of saturated fats.

Erklärung

Frage 25 von 130

1

Which of the following patients will likely experience difficulty in maintaining lipoprotein synthesis resulting in elevated LDL levels?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

A 35-year-old patient with a history of hepatitis C and B with end-stage liver disease
A 44-year-old female admitted for hysterectomy due to cervical cancer with metastasis
A 27-year-old patient with pancreatitis related to alcohol abuse
A 55-year-old male admitted for exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Erklärung

Frage 26 von 130

1

Hypertension can be classified into the following three major categories:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Active, passive, fatal
Primary, secondary, tertiary
Subacute, acute, chronic
Essential, secondary, malignant

Erklärung

Frage 27 von 130

1

Where do atherosclerotic plaques occur most often?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

in large, abdominal veins
at points of arterial vessel bifurcation
in myocardial capillaries
all answers are correct

Erklärung

Frage 28 von 130

1

Calcium-channel blocking drugs are effective in:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

decreasing all types of cardiac arrhythmias.
reducing the risk of blood clotting.
decreasing the attraction of cholesterol into lipid plaques.
reducing cardiac and smooth muscle contractions.

Erklärung

Frage 29 von 130

1

Which of the following confirms the presence of a myocardial infarction?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

The presence of elevated serum cardiac enzymes and triglycerides
Serum cardiac enzymes markers released from necrotic cells and ECG changes
Leukocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein
A full description of the pain, including the sequence of development

Erklärung

Frage 30 von 130

1

High levels of which of the following lipoproteins can be beneficial?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

IDL
LDL
HDL
VLDL

Erklärung

Frage 31 von 130

1

A 52-year-old male is diagnosed with primary hypertension. He could be treated with a drug that acts by which of the following mechanisms?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

calcium channel agonist
diuretic
angiotensin ll agonist
beta-adrenergic agonist

Erklärung

Frage 32 von 130

1

Claudication describes, or is related to:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Painful cramps in skeletal muscles due to peripheral vascular disease
Painful upper limbs due to hypertension
Chest pain
All answers are correct

Erklärung

Frage 33 von 130

1

The basic pathophysiology of myocardial infarction is best described as:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

total obstruction of a coronary artery, which causes myocardial necrosis.
irregular heart rate and force, reducing blood supply to coronary arteries.
temporary vasospasm that occurs in a coronary artery.
cardiac output that is insufficient to meet the needs of the heart and body.

Erklärung

Frage 34 von 130

1

Factors that may precipitate an angina attack include all of the following EXCEPT:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

eating a large meal.
engaging in an angry argument.
running upstairs on a hot day.
taking a nap.

Erklärung

Frage 35 von 130

1

Typical early signs or symptoms of myocardial infarction include:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

persistent chest pain radiating to the left arm, pallor, and rapid, weak pulse.
brief, substernal pain radiating to the right arm, with labored breathing.
bradycardia, increased blood pressure, and severe dyspnoea.
flushed face, rapid respirations, left-side weakness, and numbness.

Erklärung

Frage 36 von 130

1

Four patients were admitted to the emergency department with severe chest pain. All were given preliminary treatment with aspirin, morphine, and nitrates and were monitored by ECG. Which patient most likely experienced myocardial infarction?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

A 67-year-old female whose pain started at 2 AM while she was asleep and responded to nitrates; the ECG showed arrhythmias and ST-segment elevation; cardiac markers remained stable.
An 80-year-old woman whose pain started at 6 AM shortly after awakening and was not relieved by nitrates or rest; the ECG showed ST-segment elevation; levels of cardiac markers subsequently rose.
A 33-year-old male whose pain started at 7 AM during moderate exercise and was relieved by nitrates; ECG was normal; cardiac markers remained stable.
A 61-year-old man whose pain started at 9 AM during a short walk and responded to nitrates, but not to rest; ECG and cardiac markers remained stable, but anginal pattern worsened.

Erklärung

Frage 37 von 130

1

Cigarette smoking is a risk factor in coronary artery disease because smoking:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

promotes platelet adhesion.
increases serum HDL levels.
decreases serum lipid levels.
reduces vasoconstriction and peripheral resistance.

Erklärung

Frage 38 von 130

1

When comparing angina with myocardial infarction (MI), which statement is true?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Pain is more severe and lasts longer with angina than with MI.
Both angina and MI cause tissue necrosis.
Angina pain is relieved by rest and intake of nitroglycerin; the pain of MI is not.
Angina often occurs at rest; MI occurs during a stressful time.

Erklärung

Frage 39 von 130

1

Which of the following hypertensive individuals is most likely to have his or her high blood pressure diagnosed as secondary rather than essential?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

A 40-year-old smoker who eats excessive amounts of salt and saturated fats
An African American man who leads a sedentary lifestyle
A 69-year-old woman who is an executive in a large corporation
A 51-year-old male who has been diagnosed with glomerulonephritis

Erklärung

Frage 40 von 130

1

A 54-year-old man with a long-standing diagnosis of essential hypertension is meeting with his physician. The patient's physician would anticipate that which of the following phenomena is most likely occurring?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

The conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in his lungs causes increases in blood pressure and sodium reabsorption.
The patient's juxtaglomerular cells are releasing aldosterone as a result of sympathetic stimulation.
ADH is exerting an effect on his chemoreceptors and baroreceptors resulting in vasoconstriction.
Adrenalin from his adrenal gland is initiating the renin -angiotensin- aldosterone system.

Erklärung

Frage 41 von 130

1

What condition refers to thrombotic events associated with venous wall inflammation, and occurs in any part of the body?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

phlebothrombosis
deep vein thrombosis
varicose veins
thrombophlebitis

Erklärung

Frage 42 von 130

1

Which vessel/s is/are particularly prone to aneurysm?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

aorta
superior vena cava
small peripheral arteries of the legs
inferior vena cava

Erklärung

Frage 43 von 130

1

A drug taken in small doses on a continuing basis to reduce platelet adhesion is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Aspirin
Streptokinase
Heparin
Ibuprofen

Erklärung

Frage 44 von 130

1

A venous disorder in which a thrombus forms spontaneously in a vein without prior inflammation is referred to as:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Venous stenosis
Thrombophlebitis
Fibrothrombosis
Phlebothrombosis

Erklärung

Frage 45 von 130

1

A general term for all types of arterial changes, but most often applied to loss of elasticity of arteries and arterioles, is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Vascular stenosis
Atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis
Osteoporosis

Erklärung

Frage 46 von 130

1

A modifiable factor that increases the risk for atherosclerosis is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

leading a sedentary lifestyle.
being female and older than 40 years of age.
familial hypercholesterolemia.
excluding saturated fats from the diet.

Erklärung

Frage 47 von 130

1

A coronary artery disease that occurs when the blood flow to the myocardial cells is interrupted for an extended period of time, followed by necrosis, is referred to as:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Angina pectoris
Atherosclerosis
Myocardial infarction
Dysrhythmias

Erklärung

Frage 48 von 130

1

Which antihypertensive drug group should be avoided when a person has a pre-existing respiratory condition like asthma?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Calcium channel antagonists.
Diuretics.
β-blockers.
ACE inhibitors.

Erklärung

Frage 49 von 130

1

Adverse effects such as an unproductive cough sometimes occur with which category of medicine frequently used for treatment of hypertension?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Calcium channel blockers
Diuretics
β-blockers
ACE inhibitors

Erklärung

Frage 50 von 130

1

Factors that may lead to the formation of varicose veins include:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Trauma, lying in bed for prolonged periods, and liver failure
Pregnancy, vitamin deficiencies, and mitral valve defects
Vein valve damage, wearing tight clothing, and crossing legs
Diet, exercise, and obesity

Erklärung

Frage 51 von 130

1

How do ACE inhibitors work?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

They block Angiotensinogen production in the lungs
They block the enzyme cyclooxygenase
They block the formation of the enzyme renin by the kidney
They block the conversion of Angiotension 1 to Angiotensin 2

Erklärung

Frage 52 von 130

1

A 13-year-old boy has had a sore throat for at least a week and has been vomiting for 2 days. His glands are swollen, and he moves stiffly because his joints hurt. Throat cultures show infection with group A streptococci. This child is at high risk for?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

mitral valve stenosis.
vasculitis.
myocarditis.
infective endocarditis.

Erklärung

Frage 53 von 130

1

A client has been diagnosed with mitral valve stenosis following his recovery from rheumatic fever. Which of the following teaching points would be most accurate to convey to the client?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Your heart's mitral valve isn't closing properly so blood is flowing backward in your heart and eventually into your lungs.
The valve between your left ventricle and left atria is infected and isn't allowing enough blood through.
The normal tissue that makes up the valve between the right sides of your heart has stiffened.
Your mitral valve isn't opening up enough for blood to flow into the part of your heart that sends blood into circulation.

Erklärung

Frage 54 von 130

1

On a routine physical exam visit, the physician mentions that he hears a new murmur. The patient gets worried and asks, “What does this mean?” The physician responds;

Wähle eine der folgenden:

One of your heart valves is not opening properly. We need to do an echocardiogram to see which valve is having problem.
This may make you a little more fatigued than usual. Let me know if you start getting dizzy or light-headed.
This could be caused by an infection. Have you been feeling well the past few weeks?
It would be caused by stress. Let's keep our eye on it and see if it goes away with your next visit.

Erklärung

Frage 55 von 130

1

A 34-year-old man who is an intravenous drug user has presented to the emergency department with malaise, abdominal pain, and lethargy. The health care team wants to rule out endocarditis as a diagnosis. Staff of the department would most realistically anticipate which of the following sets of diagnostics?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

CT of the heart, chest x-ray, and ECG
ECG, blood pressure, and stress test
Echocardiogram, blood cultures, and temperature
Cardiac catheterization, chest x-ray, electrolyte measurement, and white cell count

Erklärung

Frage 56 von 130

1

A physician has ordered the measurement of a cardiac patient's electrolyte levels as part of the client's morning blood work. Which of the following statements best captures the importance of potassium in the normal electrical function of the patient's heart?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Potassium catalyzes the metabolism of ATP, producing the gradient that results in electrical stimulation.
Potassium is central to establishing and maintaining the resting membrane potential of cardiac muscle cells.
The reciprocal movement of one potassium ion for one sodium ion across the cell membrane results in the production of an action potential.
The impermeability of cardiac cell membranes to potassium allows for action potentials achieved by the flow of sodium ions.

Erklärung

Frage 57 von 130

1

The initial medical management for a symptomatic patient with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) would be administering a medication to block the effects of catecholamines. The nurse will anticipate administering which of the following medications?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocker
Lanoxin, an inotropic
Lisinopril, an ACE inhibitor
Lasix, a diuretic

Erklärung

Frage 58 von 130

1

A 63-year-old male client has been diagnosed with a bundle branch block. How will this client's care team most likely expect his condition to be expressed diagnostically?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

His ECG will show a flattened P wave as a result of impaired atrial depolarization.
His ECG will show an inordinately wide QRS complex because impulses are bypassing the normal conduction tissue.
Conduction from the Purkinje fibers to the bundle branches is compromised by inadequate conduction.
His AV node will be performing the primary pacemaker role due to inadequacy of the SA node.

Erklärung

Frage 59 von 130

1

You are looking after a 61-year-old male client in the hospital who has presented with a new onset of atrial fibrillation. Which of the following courses of treatment would you most likely expect the attending physician to initiate?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Diuretics, total bed rest, and cardioversion if necessary
Anticoagulants and beta-blockers to control rate
Antihypertensives and constant cardiac monitoring in a high acuity unit
Immediate cardioversion followed by surgery to correct the atrial defect

Erklärung

Frage 60 von 130

1

The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle in one minute, is called the

Wähle eine der folgenden:

stroke volume.
cardiac output.
ejection fraction.
end-diastolic volume.

Erklärung

Frage 61 von 130

1

If someone's heart has a stroke volume of 70 ml and a heart rate of 90 beat/minute, the cardiac output would be

Wähle eine der folgenden:

70 ml/min
6.3 L/min
1.28 ml/min
0.77 L/min

Erklärung

Frage 62 von 130

1

Any mechanism that increases heart rate is said to have a positive ____ effect.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

chronotropic
inotropic
cholinergic
feedback

Erklärung

Frage 63 von 130

1

Stroke volume is regulated by all of the following except

Wähle eine der folgenden:

end-diastolic volume
peripheral resistance
cardiac output
contractility

Erklärung

Frage 64 von 130

1

The preload acting on a ventricle is equivalent to that chamber's

Wähle eine der folgenden:

end-diastolic volume
stroke volume
contractility
ejection fraction

Erklärung

Frage 65 von 130

1

The afterload imposed on a ventricle refers to

Wähle eine der folgenden:

the amount of blood added to a ventricle by atrial systole
the total peripheral resistance opposing the ejection of blood
its end-systolic volume, the blood left after contraction is complete
the ejection fraction, or percentage of EDV ejected by ventricular systole

Erklärung

Frage 66 von 130

1

The Frank-Starling law of the heart describes the proportional relationship between

Wähle eine der folgenden:

stroke volume and end-diastolic volume
stroke volume and cardiac output
stroke volume is and total peripheral resistance
the left and right ventricles

Erklärung

Frage 67 von 130

1

A positive inotropic agent is something that

Wähle eine der folgenden:

decreases the contractility of myocardial fibers
increases the contractility of myocardial fibers
reduces the heart rate in positive feedback loop
increases the heart rate in positive feedback loop

Erklärung

Frage 68 von 130

1

A nurse is administering morning medications to a number of patients on a medical unit. Which of the following medication regimens is most suggestive that the patient has a diagnosis of heart failure?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Anticoagulant, antihypertensive, calcium supplement
Beta-blocker, potassium supplement, anticoagulant
Diuretic, ACE inhibitor, beta-blocker
Antihypertensive, diuretic, antiplatelet aggregator

Erklärung

Frage 69 von 130

1

A nurse will be providing care for a female patient who has a diagnosis of heart failure that has been characterized as being primarily right sided. Which of the following statements best describes the presentation that the nurse should anticipate? The client

Wähle eine der folgenden:

has cyanotic lips and extremities, low urine output, and low blood pressure.
has pitting edema to the ankles and feet bilaterally, decreased activity tolerance, and occasional upper right quadrant pain.
complains of dyspnoea and has adventitious breath sounds on auscultation (listening).
has a distended bladder, facial edema, and nighttime difficulty breathing.

Erklärung

Frage 70 von 130

1

A 3-year-old child with right-sided heart failure has been admitted for worsening of his condition. Which of the following assessments would be considered one of the earliest signs of systemic venous congestion in this toddler?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Breathlessness with activity
Increased urine output
Enlargement of the liver
Excessive crying

Erklärung

Frage 71 von 130

1

The nurse working in the ICU knows that chronic elevation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure will result in the patient displaying which of the following clinical manifestations?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Chest pain and intermittent ventricular tachycardia
Dyspnoea and crackles in bilateral lung bases
Petechia and spontaneous bleeding
Muscle cramping and cyanosis in the feet

Erklärung

Frage 72 von 130

1

Which one of the following is not a pathophysiological change associated with heart failure?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Decreased angiotensin II production.
Decreased myocardial contractility.
Increased myocardial oxygen demand.
Cardiac remodelling.

Erklärung

Frage 73 von 130

1

Pulmonary symptoms, such as dyspnoea and cough, common to left heart failure are a result of:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

pulmonary vascular congestion.
hypoxaemia.
inflammatory pulmonary oedema.
bronchoconstriction.

Erklärung

Frage 74 von 130

1

Adverse effects such as an unproductive cough and taste disturbances may occur from which category of medicine frequently used for treatment of heart failure?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Aldosterone antagonists.
Cardiac glycosides.
ACE inhibitors.
Diuretics.

Erklärung

Frage 75 von 130

1

Right heart failure will likely cause:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

non-pitting oedema in the arms, resulting from decreased arterial pressure
pitting oedema in the lower legs, resulting from increased venous pressure
pulmonary oedema from increased left ventricular filling
all answers are correct

Erklärung

Frage 76 von 130

1

A 65-year-old male is diagnosed with chronic pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Which of the following heart failures generally results from this condition?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

low-output failure
right heart failure
high-output failure
left heart failure

Erklärung

Frage 77 von 130

1

Excess preload can be reduced by:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

use of antidiuretics
use of diuretics
increasing volume intake, that is, drinking more fluid
all answers are correct

Erklärung

Frage 78 von 130

1

In terms of cardiac pathology, the greatest danger of untreated rheumatic fever is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

myocardial hypertrophy
damage to heart valves
atherosclerosis
acute right-side heart failure

Erklärung

Frage 79 von 130

1

An incompetent mitral valve would cause:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

decreased pressure in the left atrium.
decreased output from the left ventricle.
hypertrophy of the right ventricle.
increased blood to remain in the right atrium.

Erklärung

Frage 80 von 130

1

A very rapid heart rate reduces cardiac output because:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

conduction through the AV node is impaired.
ventricular filling is reduced.
venous return is increased.
ventricular fibrillation develops immediately.

Erklärung

Frage 81 von 130

1

Pericarditis causes a reduction in cardiac output as a result of which of the following?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Delays in the conduction system, interfering with cardiac rhythm
Excess fluid in the pericardial cavity, which decreases ventricular filling
Weak myocardial contractions due to friction rub
Incompetent valves, which allow regurgitation of blood

Erklärung

Frage 82 von 130

1

A patient, who is experiencing some angina associated with tachycardia, has been placed on verapamil, a calcium channel blocker. Knowing the mechanism of action of this medication, you should assess this patient for which of the following adverse reactions?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Ventricular tachycardia
Bradycardia
Increased cardiac output
Sudden asystole

Erklärung

Frage 83 von 130

1

Which of the following drugs improves cardiac efficiency by slowing the heart rate and increasing the force of cardiac contractions?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Epinephrine
Nifedipine
Digoxin
Furosemide

Erklärung

Frage 84 von 130

1

Heart block, in which a conduction delay at the AV node results in intermittent missed ventricular contractions, is called:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

total heart block.
first-degree block.
second-degree block.
bundle-branch block.

Erklärung

Frage 85 von 130

1

Atrial fibrillation may:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

increase the risk of thromboembolism
induce an irregular heart rate
increase turbulence within the atrial chamber
all answers are correct

Erklärung

Frage 86 von 130

1

The current optimal drug therapy in the management of heart failure is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

a non-selective β-blocker.
the dopamine agonist, dobutamine.
the cardiac glycoside, digoxin.
an ACE inhibitor and a diuretic.

Erklärung

Frage 87 von 130

1

Which one of the following would you not expect to be administered to a patient suffering heart failure?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

diuretic
digoxin
beta-agonist
ACE inhibitor

Erklärung

Frage 88 von 130

1

A 67-year-old female has chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. The primary cause of her anaemia is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

bone marrow failure
folate deficiency
vitamin B12 deficiency
iron deficiency

Erklärung

Frage 89 von 130

1

Maternal-fetal blood incompatibility may exist in which of the following conditions?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

The mother is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive.
The mother has type AB blood and the fetus has type B blood.
The mother has type A blood and the fetus has type O blood.
The mother is Rh-positive and the fetus is Rh-negative.

Erklärung

Frage 90 von 130

1

A 5-year-old male is diagnosed with normocytic-normochromic anaemia. Which of the following anaemias falls into this category?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

thalassaemia
haemolytic anaemia
pernicious anaemia
iron deficiency anaemia

Erklärung

Frage 91 von 130

1

A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia. A decrease in which of the following is the most likely cause?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

transferin
intrinsic factor
gastric enzymes
ferritin

Erklärung

Frage 92 von 130

1

Erythrocytes that are _____ contain an abnormally low concentration of haemoglobin.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

macrocytic
hypochromic
microcytic
hyperchromic

Erklärung

Frage 93 von 130

1

Which of the following is typically not associated with anaemia?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

increased haemolysis
lack of intrinsic factor
high dietary iron intake
disruption of haemoglobin chains

Erklärung

Frage 94 von 130

1

Those who live at high altitudes, or who receive extra erythropoietin, are likely to suffer:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

primary polycythaemia
haemolytic disease
secondary polycythaemia
sickle cell anaemia

Erklärung

Frage 95 von 130

1

Anaemia due to inherited mutations that reduce the production of either alpha or beta haemoglobin chains is known as:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

haemolytic anaemia
thalassaemia
pernicious anaemia
all answers are correct

Erklärung

Frage 96 von 130

1

Which blood disorder results from an autoimmune attack on parietal cells of the stomach wall?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

haemolytic disease of the newborn
pernicious anaemia
microcytic anaemia
thalassaemia

Erklärung

Frage 97 von 130

1

What medical term is used to describe a marked reduction in platelets?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

haemorrhoids
haemophilia
thrombocytopenia
polycythaemia

Erklärung

Frage 98 von 130

1

Multiple opportunistic infections develop with acute leukemia primarily because:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

many circulating leukocytes are immature
severe anemia interferes with the immune response
the number of white blood cells is decreased
decreased appetite and nutritional intake reduce natural defences

Erklärung

Frage 99 von 130

1

The cause of leukaemia is unknown, but risk factors include ...

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Exposure to high amounts of radiation
Genetic disorders such as Down's syndrome
Exposure to carcinogens such as benzene
All answers are correct

Erklärung

Frage 100 von 130

1

Why is excessive bleeding a common occurrence with acute leukaemia?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Deficit of calcium ions
Dysfunctional thrombocytes
Impaired production of prothrombin and fibrinogen
Decreased platelets

Erklärung

Frage 101 von 130

1

A 5-year-old female is diagnosed with acute leukaemia. She will most likely be treated with:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

bone marrow transplant
immunotherapy
localised radiation therapy
chemotherapy

Erklärung

Frage 102 von 130

1

The Reed-Sternberg cell is diagnostic for:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

chronic myeloblastic leukemia.
multiple myeloma
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Erklärung

Frage 103 von 130

1

Which of the following applies to the leukaemia’s?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Exposure to chemicals is not considered a predisposing factor.
Lymphoid tissue produces abnormal leukocytes.
Chronic leukemias are more common in older people.
All answers are correct.

Erklärung

Frage 104 von 130

1

Predisposing factors to leukemia commonly include:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

exposure to radiation.
certain fungal and protozoal infections.
familial tendency.
cigarette smoking.

Erklärung

Frage 105 von 130

1

What is the primary treatment for the leukemias?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Chemotherapy
Radiation
Surgery
Immunotherapy

Erklärung

Frage 106 von 130

1

Multiple myeloma is a malignant tumor involving:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

bone cells.
lymph nodes.
plasma cells.
granulocytes.

Erklärung

Frage 107 von 130

1

In cases of polycythemia vera, blood pressure is most likely elevated as a result of:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

increased renin and aldosterone secretions.
increased blood volume/viscosity
congested spleen and bone marrow.
frequent infarcts in the coronary circulation

Erklärung

Frage 108 von 130

1

Vitamin K is required by the liver to synthesize:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

bilirubin
amino acids
prothrombin
heparin

Erklärung

Frage 109 von 130

1

_____________________ would result from a reduced number of RBCs in the blood?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Decreased haematocrit
Increased haemoglobin count
Decreased osmotic pressure of the blood
Increased risk of haemostasis

Erklärung

Frage 110 von 130

1

Haemolytic disease of the newborn is due to the presence of and .

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Rh+ foetal blood, Anti-Rh antibodies in maternal blood
Rh+ foetal blood, Rh+ maternal blood
Rh- foetal blood, Rh+ maternal blood
Anti-Rh antibodies in foetal blood, lack of antibodies in maternal blood

Erklärung

Frage 111 von 130

1

Lymphomas describe white blood cell malignancies that:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

do not involve bone marrow tissue initially
cause marked proliferation of white blood cells
initiate as cancers of lymphoid cells
all answers are correct

Erklärung

Frage 112 von 130

1

Malignant neoplasms involving lymphocyte proliferation in the lymph nodes are called:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

lymphomas
leukaemias
myelomas
lymphocytomas

Erklärung

Frage 113 von 130

1

Which of the following substances acts as an anticoagulant?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Vitamin K
Prothrombin
Heparin
Fibrinogen

Erklärung

Frage 114 von 130

1

A 67-year-old female is admitted to the ED with a diagnosis of polycythaemia vera. This has occurred as a result of:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

dehydration.
blood doping.
exposure to high altitude.
abnormal proliferation of red cells.

Erklärung

Frage 115 von 130

1

In disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), active bleeding occurs after intravascular clotting because:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

clotting factors are depleted.
tissue factor (TF) is inactivated.
prothrombin is activated.
inflammatory mediators are released.

Erklärung

Frage 116 von 130

1

________ describes a condition where malignant white cells produce vast quantities of abnormal immunoglobulins that ultimately destroy bone.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Multiple myeloma
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Agranulocytosis
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Erklärung

Frage 117 von 130

1

A neoplastic disorder that involves malignant plasma cells that replace the bone marrow and erodes bone is referred to as:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Aplastic anemia
Multiple myeloma
Leukaemia
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Erklärung

Frage 118 von 130

1

What are the typical early clinical manifestations of anaemia?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Jaundice, cyanosis
Pallor, dyspnea, and fatigue
Chest pain, palpitations
Bradycardia, cyanosis

Erklärung

Frage 119 von 130

1

Which of the following individuals is at highest risk for developing a vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

a 47-year-old male who had a gastrectomy procedure (removal of the stomach)
a 3-year-old female who is a fussy eater
a 64-year-old male with a history of duodenal ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding
a 26-year-old female in the second trimester of her first pregnancy

Erklärung

Frage 120 von 130

1

A diverse group of neoplasms developing from the proliferation of malignant lymphocytes in the lymphoid system is referred to as:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Leukaemias
Microcytic anaemias
Lymphomas
Lymphatic anaemias

Erklärung

Frage 121 von 130

1

In which of the following individuals would a clinician most suspect multiple myeloma as a diagnosis?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

A 70-year-old woman whose blood work reveals large numbers of immature granulocytes
An 81-year-old male resident of a long-term care home who has an uncommon bacterial pneumonia and who is unable to produce a fever
A 40-year-old man who has had three broken bones over the past 6 months and whose serum calcium and creatinine levels are elevated
A 68-year-old former coal miner who has white cell levels exponentially higher than normal ranges

Erklärung

Frage 122 von 130

1

A 34-year-old male presents in the ED with extreme fatigue and shortness of breath. His skin and sclera appear to have a yellowish discoloration. These findings are consistent with which type of anaemia?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

pernicious anaemia
aplastic anaemia
iron deficiency anaemia
haemolytic anaemia

Erklärung

Frage 123 von 130

1

A 40-year-old female develops disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The most likely cause of this condition is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

lack of vitamin B12.
blood transfusion.
snake venom.
sepsis.

Erklärung

Frage 124 von 130

1

A 52-year-old male IV drug user 5years ago was diagnosed with hepatitis C. He is now experiencing impaired blood clotting. A decrease in which of the following vitamins is most likely the cause?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

E
K
B12
D

Erklärung

Frage 125 von 130

1

Chronic blood loss causes anaemia because of the:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

lower metabolic rate
shortened life span of the erythrocytes
loss of protein and electrolytes
smaller amount of recycled iron available

Erklärung

Frage 126 von 130

1

What is the basic abnormality in thalassemia?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Several amino acids in the Haem chains have been replaced by substitute amino acids.
The iron molecule is displaced in haemoglobin.
More than four globin chains are found in the erythrocytes.
There is failure to synthesize either the alpha or beta chains in the haemoglobin molecule.

Erklärung

Frage 127 von 130

1

A 60-year-old woman is suspected of having non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Which of the following aspects of her condition would help to rule out Hodgkin lymphoma?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

The woman complains of recent debilitating fatigue.
Her neoplasm originates in secondary lymphoid structures.
The lymph nodes involved are located in a large number of locations in the lymphatic system.
The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells has been confirmed.

Erklärung

Frage 128 von 130

1

One of the reasons non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are harder to treat than Hodgkin’s lymphomas is that they

Wähle eine der folgenden:

are not affected by the newer drug treatments.
are asymptomatic until they reach stage IV.
tend to be much larger than Hodgkin’s lymphomas.
involve multiple nodes and widespread metastases.

Erklärung

Frage 129 von 130

1

Individuals with liver disease often suffer from coagulation disorders because:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

treatment medications for liver failure cause fibrinolysis.
the liver is often the site of platelet pooling.
high levels of bilirubin interfere with the clotting system.
clotting factors are produced in the liver.

Erklärung

Frage 130 von 130

1

In individuals with acute leukaemia, the increased number of malignant leukocytes leads to:
1. decreased haemoglobin.
2. thrombocytopenia.
3. bone pain only with increased activity.
4. splenomegaly.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

1,3
1,2,4
1,2,3,4
2,3,4

	Erstellt von Kathleen Jackson vor etwa 6 Jahre

Module 1 EoT Exam Revision

2808NRS Human Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 (Module 1)

2808NRS Human Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 (Module 1)

Frage 1 von 130

A 56-year-old male is diagnosed with coronary heart disease. Which of the following modifiable risk factors would most likely influence development of this disease?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 2 von 130

In general, atherosclerosis is triggered by:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 3 von 130

Plaques consisting of lipids, cells, fibrin, and debris, often with attached thrombi that can obstruct arteries and arterioles, are referred to as:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 4 von 130

The most common cause of myocardial ischaemia is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 5 von 130

A 32-year-old female presents with lower leg pain and redness. An ultrasound reveals venous thrombus. Which of the following would be most likely to have caused her condition?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 6 von 130

A 75-year-old obese female presents to her GP complaining of oedema in the lower extremities. Physical exam reveals that she has varicose veins. Which of the following is a most likely cause?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 7 von 130

A 28-year-old female presents with severe chest pain and shortness of breath. She is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism, which most likely originated from the:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 8 von 130

A 52-year-old male presents with pooling of blood in the veins of the lower extremities and oedema. He is predisposed to:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 9 von 130

A 65-year-old female presents to the ED complaining of difficulty swallowing and shortness of breath. A CT scan would most likely reveal an aneurysm in the:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 10 von 130

The build-up of fatty plaques within the wall of arteries is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 11 von 130

Which of the following types of drugs is NOT typically used to treat hypertension?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 12 von 130

Hypertension that is idiopathic is known as:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 13 von 130

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include all the following except:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 14 von 130

A stationary blood clot within an artery is a:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 15 von 130

A 62-year-old male presents to his GP complaining of chest pain at rest and on exertion. He does not have a history of coronary artery disease and reports that the pain often occurs at night. He is most likely experiencing which type of angina?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 16 von 130

A 53-year-old male presents with recurrent chest pain on exertion. He is diagnosed with angina pectoris. The pain he experiences occurs when:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 17 von 130

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 18 von 130

A 52-year-old female is diagnosed with coronary heart disease. She would be expected primarily to suffer from myocardial:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 19 von 130

Cardiac cells can withstand ischaemic conditions for _____ before irreversible cell injury occurs.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 20 von 130

A 49-year-old male presents to his GP complaining of chest pain. An ECG reveals ST elevation. He is diagnosed with myocardial ischaemia. Which of the following interventions would be most beneficial?