1. A 65-year-old female with emphysema presents to the ED for difficulty breathing. Physical exam reveals bluish skin and mucous membranes. This condition is referred to as:
haemoptysis
Hypothermia
haematemesis
cyanosis
1. A 30-year-old male is experiencing respiratory failure. Which of the following lab values would be expected?
low PaCO2
Normal blood pH
low PaO2
electrolyte imbalances
A 10-year-old female develops pneumonia following a urinary tract infection. Physical exam reveals subcostal and intercostal retractions. She reports that breathing is difficult and she feels she cannot get enough air. This condition is referred to as:
dyspnoea.
orthopnoea
hyperpnoea
Reduced oxygenation of arterial blood is called:
hypoxia
hypocapnia.
hypoxaemia
ischaemia
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea generally occurs with:
pulmonary fibrosis.
asthma
left ventricular failure.
hypertension.
1. What disease of the lungs is a contagious, airborne bacterial infection that causes fibrotic, calcified lesions that are visible on an X-ray?
tuberculosis
diphtheria
lobar pneumonia
legionellosis
1. Pneumonia is caused by:
use of anaesthetic agents in surgery
atelectasis
chronic lung changes seen with ageing
viral or bacterial infections
1. A 50-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking was diagnosed with lung cancer. He was previously exposed to air pollution, asbestos and radiation at his job. Which of the following most likely had the greatest impact on development of his cancer?
cigarette smoke
radiation
asbestos
air pollution
1. This condition involves inflammation of the larynx, trachea and bronchi; is also known as laryngotracheobronchitis; involves copious mucus secretion; has a distinctive barking cough; and is potentially dangerous in infants.
croup
laryngeal pneumonia
rhinitis
pertussis
1. This condition is an inflammatory response with extensive mucus production and submucosal oedema, resulting in widespread obstruction of bronchioles. It is of particular concern when present in infants.
histoplasmosis
pneumonia
tonsillitis
bronchiolitis
What would be the most effective compensation for chronic respiratory acidosis?
The kidneys producing more bicarbonate ions
The kidneys eliminating more bicarbonate ions
The kidneys producing more lactic acid
The kidneys reabsorbing more hydrogen ions
What would hypercapnia cause?
Respiratory acidosis
Decreased carbonic acid in the blood
Increased blood pH
Decreased respirations
Changes in PCO2 tend to affect the pH of blood.
True, and increases in PCO2 tend to decrease blood pH
False, blood pH is largely unaffected by PCO2.
True, and decreases in PCO2 tend to decrease pH.
True, and increases in PCO2 tend to increase pH.
50-year-old male with diabetes did not take his medication and is now in metabolic acidosis. He is experiencing Kussmaul respirations that can be characterised by:
an increased ventilatory rate, large tidal volumes and no expiratory pause
rapid respirations with periods of apnoea.
audible wheezing or stridor.
very slow inhalations and rapid expirations
A pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after admission to the hospital is considered
hospital-acquired pneumonia.
community-acquired pneumonia.
Health care–associated
viral pneumonia
What are typical signs and symptoms of epiglottitis?
Sudden fever, sore throat, and drooling saliva
Hoarse voice and barking cough
Sneezing, mild cough, and fever
Hyperinflation of the chest and stridor
Which type of lung cancer is most commonly associated with a history of smoking?
small cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
mesothelioma
Which of the following describes lobar pneumonia?
Sudden onset of fever and chills, with rales and rusty sputum
Viral infection causing nonproductive cough and pleuritic pain
Opportunistic bacteria causing low-grade fever with cough and thick greenish sputum
Insidious onset, diffuse interstitial infection
Obstruction in the upper airway is usually indicated by:
stridor
rales
wheezing
True, and increases in PCO2 tend to decrease blood pH.
Anxiety-provoked hyperventilation will:
will not affect PCO2 but will increase PO2 significantly
increase PCO2 quite markedly, and increase PO2 to a similar extent
decrease PCO2 quite markedly, and increase PO2 to small extent
increase PO2 significantly, and increase PCO2 slightly
A 20-year-old male is in acute pain. An arterial blood gas reveals decreased carbon dioxide levels. Which of the following is the most likely cause?
pain neurons producing bicarbonate buffer
hypoventilation
hyperventilation
apnoea
A 50-year-old male with diabetes did not take his medication and is now in metabolic acidosis. He is experiencing Kussmaul respirations that can be characterised by:
What disease of the lungs is a contagious, airborne bacterial infection that causes fibrotic, calcified lesions that are visible on an X-ray?
The production of yellowish-green, cloudy, thick sputum is often an indication of:
Damage of lung tissue due to smoking
emphysema
cancer tumour
Bacteria infection
What would hypercapnia cause;
decreased carbonic acid in the blood
increased blood pH
What are early signs and symptoms of infectious rhinitis?
Serous nasal discharge, congestion and sneezing
Harsh barking cough and wheezing
Purulent nasal discharge and periorbital pain
copious purulent sputum, particularly in the morning
Which patient is most likely to have abnormalities in breathing regulation?
a 34-year-old male with damage to his upper and lower pons following a blow to the back of the head
a 66-year-old male with temporal lobe infarcts secondary to a stroke
a 45-year-old female with spinal cord injury at c7 following a motor vehicle accident
a 23-year-old male who has an injury to his frontal lobe following a sports injury
How does severe hypoxia develop with pneumonia
Oxygen diffusion is impaired by the congestion
too painful to breath
Inflammatory exudate absorbs oxygen from the alveolar air
Acidosis depresses respiration
