Electrolytes are always balanced to .
Clinical signs of hypernatremia are...
Skin Flushed
Agitation
Low grade fever
Thirst
Bloating
Edema
Salt crystals on skin
The most serious complications related to hypernatremia are...
seizures and coma
heart and renal failure
dehydration
Treatment for hypernatremia caused by low fluid volume includes
oral fluid replacement
isotonic IV fluids
hypotonic IV fluids
hypertonic IV fluids
sodium-free IV fluids
diuretics
Treatment for hypernatremia caused by excess sodium includes...
In intracellular fluid (ICF), the primary cation is ❌ and the primary anion is ❌. In extracellular fluid (ECF), the primary cation is ❌ and the primary anion is ❌.
What are nursing diagnoses for hypernatremia?
risk for injury
risk for fluid volume deficit
risk for electrolyte imbalance
risk for fluid volume overload
risk for electrolyte overload
risk for impaired fluid intake
Causes of hyponatremia are...
loss of sodium-containing fluids
excess water intake
potassium overload
cardiac or neurological issues
Fluid overload r/t hyponatremia (>110 mEq) is treated with
Isotonic normal saline (NS)
high sodium foods
oral sodium supplements
hypertonic saline (3% NaCL)
decreased fluid intake
increased fluid intake
D5W
Lactaid Ringer's
Severe hyponatremia (<110mEq sodium) is treated with
isotonic normal saline (NS)
M.H. a 62 y/o female, was admitted with confusion and lethargy related to hyponatremia. Her husband tells you that MH. had c/o diarrhea over the past week and was drinking lots of water to prevent dehydration. What caused M.H.'s serum sodium level to fall?
hyponatremia
hypervolemia
diarrhea
hypernatremia
hypovolemia
Normal plasma potassium ranges between...
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
3.0-5.0 mEq/L
3.5-5.5 mEq/L
3.0-5.5 mEq/L
Functions of potassium include
regulating protein synthesis
glucose use and storage
maintaining action potential in excitable membranes
regulating insulin
Sources of potassium include...
potatoes
bananas
oranges
salt substitutes
stored blood
normal saline
Potassium is regulated by the GI tract
50% of all hypokalemia cases are caused by dietary insufficiency
Metabolic alkalosis and magnesium deficiency can cause hypokalemia.
The usual dose of potassium is 20-60 mEq every 12 hours
Clinical manifestations of hypokalemia include
cardiac dysrthythmias
weak legs
difficulty breathing
decreased GI motility
impaired regulation of arteriolar blood flow
hyperglycemia
hypoglycemia
pleural effusion
A is used to continuously monitor cardiac rhythm in patients with hyperkalmeia.
Overdosing on Lasix can cause hyperkalemia
Intravenous potassium can be administered via IV push.
Nephrolithiasis is a fancy word for .
Clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia include...
cramping leg pain
weak or paralyzed skeletal muscles
abdominal cramping or diarrhea
cardiac dysrhythmias
2+ pitting edema
confusion
low grade fever
dry-flushed skin
Elimination of excess potassium is achieved by
dialysis
Kayexalate
Syrup of Ipecac
increasing physical activity
cardiac medications
fluid restrictions
intravenous calcium gluconate
insulin
The relationship between calcium and phosphorous is best described as
a teeter-totter
two peas in a pod
a swingset
it's complicated
Two thirds of hypercalcemia cases are caused by osteoporosis
Treatment of hypercalcemia includes...
loop diuretic
isotonic saline
3% NaCL IV
immobilization
physical activity
synthetic calcitonin
biphosphonates
increasing intake of dairy products
Decreased PTH, acute pancreatitis, multiple blood transfusions, and alkalosis can cause
hypocalcemia
hypercalcemia
hyperkalemia
