Endocrine System Review

Which organ is considered a "neuroendocrine" organ?

Which organ system works with the endocrine system to control or regulate body function?

The endocrine system controls, regulates, and maintains

What glands have both exocrine and endocrine functions? , ,

What are the three types of chemical messengers?
, ,

What are the two main chemical classes of hormones?

Steroids are synthesized from .

Gonadal (sex) hormones and Adrenocortical hormones are considered what chemical class?

Hormones circulate through blood to all body cells, but only cells with for a specific hormone will respond to that hormone.

The two mechanisms of hormone action are - hormones and - hormones.

Synthesis/release of most hormones is controlled by feedback mechanism.

Amino acid hormones (except thyroid hormones) bind to in the plasma membrane and then act via intracellular messengers. This is called the mechanism.

The Cyclic AMP signaling mechanism has a first messenger and a second messenger.

The cyclic AMP signaling mechanism starts with a (first messenger) binding to a receptor. The receptor binds and activates at the cell . This activates (enzyme), which converts ATP to (second messenger). The second messenger activates which then proteins.

In the cyclic AMP signaling mechanism, each adenylate cyclase generates cAMP molecules which then activates protein kinases which phosphorylates proteins triggering a of chemical reactions called the effect.

Action of cAMP is brief because it is rapidly degraded by enzyme .

It is OK for cAMP to be broken down because of the .

receptors are found on nearly all cells of body and the hormone is the main regulator of cellular .

Target cell activation depends on the three factors:
1. of hormone
2. on or in the target cell
3. between the hormone and receptor

The three types of stimuli that trigger hormone release are:
1.
2.
3.

What is the cycle which inhibits the release of anterior pituitary hormones due to increasing levels of hormones from the final target organs?
--

can override normal endocrine controls and thus maintain .

The nervous system will override normal endocrine controls when under . The and nervous system are activated to override insulin control of blood glucose levels. Blood glucose levels rise to be used if needed during fight-or-flight.

After hormones have exerted their effects, most hormones are removed from the blood and broken down by the and . The resulting breakdown products are excreted in the and .

What are the three types of hormone interaction?
1.
2.
3.

The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is connected to the hypothalamus by the .

The posterior pituitary lobe is made of tissue containing cells called . The anterior pituitary lobe is made of tissue which is a type of tissue. The tissue contains cells which produce the tropic hormones and cells which produce non-tropic hormones.

The pituitary gland is located in the of the of the sphenoid bone.

The posterior pituitary lobe connects to the hypothalamus via the - .

Steps to release hormones from posterior pituitary: The hypothalamic synthesize . They are transported down the of the - tract to the posterior pituitary and stored in the . In response to hypothalamic neurons firing, arriving at the posterior pituitary cause the release of the .

The two neurohormones released by the posterior pituitary are and which are hormones.

The anterior pituitary lobe is connect to the hypothalamus which is a connection called the .

Which gland do the the 6 tropic hormones released from the hypothalamus stimulate?

in hypothalamus monitor blood solute (and water) concentration. When there is too much concentrate posterior pituitary secretes (abbreviation) into blood.

Gigantism occurs due to excessive (abr) targeting active before they close.

Acromegaly is due to an abundance of (abr.) and is often caused due to an pituitary . Affects only the , , and due to ephiphyseal plates having already closed.

The was called the "master endocrine gland" because many of its hormones regulate activity of other endocrine glands.

What disease is indicated by increased urine output, intense thirst, and is premeditated by damage to the head?

What syndrome is marked by retention of fluid, brain edema, headache, and disorientation especially following neurosurgery/general anesthesia, meningitis, hypothalamic injury, or lung cancer? of

When high concentrations of ADH are released during severe blood loss, blood pressure is and occurs.