Mitch Thornell
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Medications in seperate quiz

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Mitch Thornell
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Patho mod 1 (from matrix)

Patho mod 1 (from matrix)

Frage 1 von 43

1

A modifiable factor that increases the risk for atherosclerosis is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • leading a sedentary lifestyle.

  • excluding saturated fats from the diet.

  • being female and older than 40 years of age.

  • familial hypercholesterolemia.

Erklärung

Frage 2 von 43

1

Cigarette smoking is a risk factor in coronary artery disease because smoking:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Decrease serum lipid levels

  • Increase serum HDL levels

  • Promotes platelet adhesion

  • Reduces vasoconstriction and peripheral resistance

Erklärung

Frage 3 von 43

1

The most common cause of a myocardial ischaemia is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • arterial emboli from heart valve vegetation

  • venous emboli

  • Idiopathic vasospasm

  • atherosclerosis

Erklärung

Frage 4 von 43

1

Which of the following is described by an incomplete blockage of coronary arteries; occurs when a the client exerts themself?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Stable Angina

  • Non-stable Angina

  • Non ST elevated MI

  • ST elevated MI

Erklärung

Frage 5 von 43

1

George comes in complaining of episodic chest pain that is relieved after a couple of minutes, he states that it occurs at random times throughout the day, even when he is sitting down.
Imaging identifies an incomplete blockage by atherosclerotic plaque in the LAD.
What category of IHD is likely to be presenting in George?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • NSTEMI

  • STEMI

  • Non-stable angina

  • Stable angina

Erklärung

Frage 6 von 43

1

WIlson, aged 42, presents with a medical history of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, smoking, and family history of premature CAD presents with retrosternal crushing chest pain (10/10 in intensity), radiating down the left arm and left side of the neck. He feels nauseated and light-headed and is short of breath. Examination reveals a hypotensive, diaphoretic man in considerable discomfort with diffuse bilateral rales on chest auscultation. ECG reveals convex ST-segment elevation in leads V1 to V6.
what is the diagnosis for this patient?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • ST-elevation myocardial infarction

  • Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction

  • Angina

  • Left-sided heart disease

Erklärung

Frage 7 von 43

1

A 69-year-old man develops worsening substernal chest pressure after going for a walk in the morning before work. He tells his wife he feels a squeezing pain that is radiating to his jaw and left shoulder. He appears anxious and his wife calls for an ambulance, as he is distressed and sweating profusely. Past medical history is significant for HTN and he has been told by his doctor that he has borderline diabetes. On examination in the emergency department he is very anxious and diaphoretic. His heart rate is 112 bpm and BP is 159/93 mmHg. The ECG is significant for ST depression in the anterior leads. Three doses of sublingual glyceryl trinitrate provide little relief.
What is the most likely diagnosis

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction

  • ST-elevation myocardial infarction

  • Stable Angina

  • Variant Angina

Erklärung

Frage 8 von 43

1

What is the difference between angina and MI?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Chest pain is greater in MI

  • incomplete occlusion of coronary arteries are present in MI

  • Irreversible cell death has occured in MI

  • transmural damage is present in MI

Erklärung

Frage 9 von 43

1

Four patients were admitted to the emergency department with severe chest pain. All were given preliminary treatment with aspirin, morphine, and nitrates and were monitored by ECG. Which patient most likely experienced myocardial infarction?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A 67-year-old female whose pain started at 2 AM while she was asleep and responded to nitrates; the ECG showed arrhythmias and ST-segment elevation; cardiac markers remained stable.

  • An 80-year-old woman whose pain started at 6 AM shortly after awakening and was not relieved by nitrates or rest; the ECG showed ST-segment elevation; levels of cardiac markers subsequently rose.

  • A 33-year-old male whose pain started at 7 AM during moderate exercise and was relieved by nitrates; ECG was normal; cardiac markers remained stable.

  • A 61-year-old man whose pain started at 9 AM during a short walk and responded to nitrates, but not to rest; ECG and cardiac markers remained stable, but anginal pattern worsened.

Erklärung

Frage 10 von 43

1

When comparing angina with myocardial infarction (MI), which statement is true?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Angina often occurs at rest; MI occurs during a stressful time.

  • Pain is more severe and lasts longer with angina than with MI.

  • Angina pain is relieved by rest and intake of nitroglycerin; the pain of MI is not.

  • Both angina and MI cause tissue necrosis.

Erklärung

Frage 11 von 43

1

What type of IHD will have transmural damage on the heart?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • STEMI

  • NSTEMI

  • Stable Angina

  • Variant Angina

Erklärung

Frage 12 von 43

1

Whilst under the care for an infarction, which occured 4 days ago, Mary is suspected of having another Infarction, which cardiac marker will be most use full for prooving reinfarction?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Troponin I

  • CK - MB

  • CK - MM

  • Serum electrolyte levels

Erklärung

Frage 13 von 43

1

Hypertension that is idiopathic is known as:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Tertiary

  • Essential

  • Secondary

  • Angina

Erklärung

Frage 14 von 43

1

What type of hypertension is defined as uncontrollable hypertension even when treated with three or more drugs?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Malignant or resistant hypertension

  • Secondary hypertension

  • Primary or essential hypertension

  • Angina

Erklärung

Frage 15 von 43

1

What type of hypertension is the result of another disease?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Secondary

  • Primary

  • Tertiary

  • Angina

Erklärung

Frage 16 von 43

1

Atherosclerosis; sclerotic, narrow blood vessels, may be caused by what chronic condition?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Hypertension

  • Angina

  • Infarction

  • Shock

Erklärung

Frage 17 von 43

1

A 34-year-old man who is an intravenous drug user has presented to the emergency department with malaise, abdominal pain, and lethargy. The health care team wants to rule out endocarditis as a diagnosis. Staff of the department would most realistically anticipate which of the following sets of diagnostics?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • CT of the heart, chest x-ray, and ECG

  • ECG, blood pressure, and stress test

  • Cardiac catheterization, chest x-ray, electrolyte measurement, and white cell count

  • Echocardiogram, blood cultures, and temperature

Erklärung

Frage 18 von 43

1

Which one of the following is not a pathophysiological change associated with heart failure?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Decreased angiotensin II production.

  • Increased myocardial oxygen demand.

  • Cardiac remodelling.

  • Decreased myocardial contractility.

Erklärung

Frage 19 von 43

1

A 3-year-old child with right-sided heart failure has been admitted for worsening of his condition. Which of the following assessments would be considered one of the earliest signs of systemic venous congestion in this toddler?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Breathlessness with activity

  • Increased urine output

  • Enlargement of the liver

  • Excessive crying

Erklärung

Frage 20 von 43

1

A nurse will be providing care for a female patient who has a diagnosis of heart failure that has been characterized as being primarily right sided. Which of the following statements best describes the presentation that the nurse should anticipate? The client

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • has cyanotic lips and extremities, low urine output, and low blood pressure.

  • complains of dyspnea and has adventitious breath sounds on auscultation (listening).

  • has a distended bladder, facial edema, and nighttime difficulty breathing.

  • has pitting edema to the ankles and feet bilaterally, decreased activity tolerance, and occasional upper right quadrant pain.

Erklärung

Frage 21 von 43

1

A nurse will be providing care for a female patient who has a diagnosis of heart failure that has been characterized as being primarily right sided. Which of the following statements best describes the presentation that the nurse should anticipate? The client

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • has cyanotic lips and extremities, low urine output, and low blood pressure.

  • complains of dyspnea and has adventitious breath sounds on auscultation (listening).

  • has a distended bladder, facial edema, and nighttime difficulty breathing.

  • has pitting edema to the ankles and feet bilaterally, decreased activity tolerance, and occasional upper right quadrant pain.

Erklärung

Frage 22 von 43

1

A 65-year-old male with history of untreated hypertension is now experiencing left heart failure. The most likely reason is

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • myocardial hypertrophy and ventricular remodelling

  • alterations in alpha and beta receptor function

  • Inhibition of renin and aldosterone

  • ventricular dilation and wall thinning

Erklärung

Frage 23 von 43

1

Right heart failure will likely cause:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Pitting oedema in the lower legs resulting from increased venous pressure

  • non-pitting oedema in the arms, resulting from decreased arterial pressure

  • pulmonary oedema from increased left ventricular filling

  • all answers are correct

Erklärung

Frage 24 von 43

1

Compensation mechanisms for decreased cardiac output in cases of congestive heart failure include:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • increased renin and aldosterone secretions

  • Slow cardiac contractions

  • Fatigue and cold intolerance

  • Decreased erythropoietin secretion

Erklärung

Frage 25 von 43

1

A 72-year-old female has history of right heart failure caused by a right ventricular myocardial infarction. which of the following symptoms are directly related to her heart failure?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • significant oedema to both lower legs and feet

  • Decreased urine output

  • hypertension

  • pulmonary congestion

Erklärung

Frage 26 von 43

1

All but one of the following are signs of congestive heart failure EXCEPT:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Polyuria

  • Muscle fatigue

  • oedema

  • cough

Erklärung

Frage 27 von 43

1

What is not one of the ways a dysrhythmia may be classified?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Site of origin

  • Mechanism of disturbance

  • Duration of disturbance

  • Electrocardiogram (ECG) appearance

Erklärung

Frage 28 von 43

1

Multifocal atrial tachycardia;

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Originates from multiple non-SA sites within the atria and has >100 QRS complexes/min.

  • >100 QRS complexes/min. originating from nonSA
    node site (i.e. a single site in the atria (ectopic))

  • between 250-350 bpm caused by atrial re-entry mechanism

  • >350 bpm caused by multiple atrial re-entry mechanisms

Erklärung

Frage 29 von 43

1

">350 bpm caused by multiple atrial re-entry mechanisms with the atria"

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Atrial fibrillation

  • Atrial flutter

  • Atrial tachycardia (focal)

  • Atrial bradycardia

Erklärung

Frage 30 von 43

1

What are the typical early clinical manifestations of anaemia?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Bradycardia, cyanosis

  • Pallor, dyspnea, and fatigue

  • Chest pain, palpitations

  • Jaundice, cyanosis

Erklärung

Frage 31 von 43

1

Which of the following is typically not associated with anaemia?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • disruption of haemoglobin chains

  • increased haemolysis

  • lack of intrinsic factor

  • high dietary iron intake

Erklärung

Frage 32 von 43

1

Anaemia due to inherited mutations that reduce the production of either alpha or beta haemoglobin chains is known as:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • haemolytic anaemia

  • thalassaemia

  • all answers are correct

  • pernicious anaemia

Erklärung

Frage 33 von 43

1

Chronic blood loss causes anaemia because of the:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • smaller amount of recycled iron available

  • loss of protein and electrolytes

  • lower metabolic rate

  • shortened life span of the erythrocytes

Erklärung

Frage 34 von 43

1

Transmural damage is commonly seen in?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • STEMI

  • NSTEMI

  • Angina

  • Atherosclerosis

Erklärung

Frage 35 von 43

1

Heart failure is when the heart is unable to pump enough blood around the body to meet the _________ needs of the body.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Metabolic

  • Oxygen

  • Nutrient

  • Energy

Erklärung

Frage 36 von 43

1

Which of the below is not a direct cause of right sided heart failure?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Infarction of the right ventricle

  • Pulmonary valve stenosis

  • Aortic valve stenosis

  • Cor pulmonale (pulmonary oedema)

Erklärung

Frage 37 von 43

1

which of the below is not a direct cause of Left sided heart failure?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Infarction of the left ventricle

  • Aortic valve stenosis

  • Hyperthyroidism

  • Pulmonary valve stenosis

Erklärung

Frage 38 von 43

1

Oedema caused by Right sided heart failure does not include

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Lower limbs (legs)

  • Liver (Congestive hepatomegaly "nutmeg liver")

  • Abdominal organs

  • Pulmonary system

Erklärung

Frage 39 von 43

1

Pulmonary congestion is caused by?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Backup effect in LHF

  • Backup effect in RHF

  • the forward effect in LHF

  • the forward effect in RHF

Erklärung

Frage 40 von 43

1

From the following; treatment is limited to electrical defibrillation.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • AF

  • VF

  • VT

  • Heart block

Erklärung

Frage 41 von 43

1

Which of the following is not a way anaemia is classified?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Volume of circulating RBC

  • Colour of RBC

  • Mechanism causing anaemia

  • Size of RBC

Erklärung

Frage 42 von 43

1

Which of the following is not apart of FBC for anaemia?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Mean corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH) ... Hb/RBC (weight of haemoglobin)

  • Mean Circulating Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)... Hb/HCT (concentration of haemoglobin)

  • Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) .... HCT/RBC (average size of RBC)

  • Total Erythrocyte Mass (TEC) .... RBC/HCT (average mass of RBC)

Erklärung

Frage 43 von 43

1

which of the following is not a general clinical manifestation of anaemia?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Fatigue

  • Pallor

  • Dyspnea

  • Bradycardia

Erklärung

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