Osmotic diarrhea is caused when;
excessive amounts of solutes are retained in the intestinal lumen, therefore water will not be absorbed, and diarrhea will result.
Secretion of water into the intestinal lumen exceeds absorption
there is an increased motility in the GIT
there is destruction of the GIT epithelium
Solutes being retained in the intestinal lumen, resulting in water not being absorbed, describes what type of diarrhea mechanism
Osmotic diarrhea
Secretory diarrhea
Inflammatory and infections diarrhea
Diarrhea associated with deranged motility
Secretory diarrhea is caused by
an increase in secretion of water compared to water absorption
an increase in absorption of water compared to water secretion
Solutes drawing water into stool
inflammation or infection
When GIT water secretion exceeds absorption, what will result
Secretory diarrhoea
Diarrhea associated with deranged motility
How does inflammation or infections of the GIT cause diarrhoea
increase GIT motility
damaged epithelium decreases water absorption
Damage epithelium increases water secretion
Decreased GIT motility
What change to GIT motility can cause diarrhoea
increased absorption time due to increase motility
decreased absorption time due to increased motility
Increased absorption time due to decreased motility
decreased absorption time due to decreased motility
Dull aching pain in the RUQ is typical of;
stretching of the liver capsule caused by swelling
smooth muscle spasm/constructions due to obstructions
a sign of inflammation and ulceration
eating spicy peri peri chicken
Colicky pain (pain that starts and stops abruptly) occurs when;
smooth muscle spasm/contraction in response to severe inflammation or obstruction (in order to push the obstruction out of the body)
intestines are over stretched
the patient suffers from GORD
liver is over stretched
Cramping pain is characteristic of all of the following besides
GIT inflammation
GIT distention
Stretching of the intestines
Oral ulceration
Obstruction of the biliary tract by gallstones is referred to as:
Cholecystitis
Choledocholthiasis
Cholelithiasis
Cholangitis
Intrahepatic jaundice is caused in individuals who
have a liver disease such as hepatitis or cirrhosis
Have decreased blood flow to the liver
have an obstruction of bile flow into the gallbladder or duodenum
have increased azotemia
Bilirubin is a product of
Haemolysis of red blood cells and breakdown of haemoglobin
Production of excess chyme and bile
Accumulation of white blood cells due to infection
Missing of undigested food and gastric secretions
Cirrhosis causes what type of jaundice?
intrahepatic
prehepatic
posthepatic
Failure to produce and excrete components of bile results in what condition;
Jaundice
Hypobillirubinemia
Conjugation
Azotemia
How does serum bilirubin change with cirrhosis?
Increased conjugated bilirubin
Increased conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin
Increased unconjugated bilirubin
decreased conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin
Unconjugated bilirubin in blood isat normal level in which type of jaundice
prehepatic jaundice
hemolytic jaundice
posthepatic jaundice
intrahepatic jaundice
What causes gallstones
A decrease in cholesterol numbers
an increase in bile salts
a deficit in bile salts
a deficit in cholesterol
Predisposing factors to cholelithiasis include excessive:
bilirubin or cholesterol concentration in the bile.
water content in the bile
bicarbonate ions in the bile.
bile salts in the bile.
What is the major effect when a gallstone obstructs the cystic duct?
Severe colicky pain in upper right quadrant
Intrahepatic jaundice
Acute pancreatitis
Inflammation and infection in the gallbladder
Severe vomiting can lead to metabolic acidosis because of increased:
hypovolemia and lactic acid production.
ketones produced
metabolic rate.
CO2 retained in the lungs and kidneys.
