Anesthetic agents and adjuncts can be classified by which of the following?
Route of administration, time period at which they are given, and tidal volume they require
Route of administration, time period at which they are given, according to the principal effect, chemistry, and tidal volume they require
Route of administration, according to the principal effect, chemistry, and tidal volume they require
Route of administration, time period at which they are given, according to the principal effect, and chemistry
Any drug that is utilized to induce loss of sensation with or without unconsciousness is known as a(n):
neuromuscular blocker.
reversal agent.
anesthetic agent.
adjunct agent.
The common effect of depression and/or stimulation, seen in a patient, after the administration of an anesthetic agent is due to:
pharmacokinetics.
pharmacodynamics.
pharmacoagents.
pharmacometabolism.
When acting upon the central nervous system, those agents that bind to more than one receptor type, and simultaneously stimulate at least one and block at least one, are referred to as:
agonist–antagonists.
partial agonists.
antagonists.
agonists.
Yohimbine, tolazoline, and atipamezole are best categorized as:
opioid agonists.
opioid antagonists.
alpha2-agonists.
alpha2-antagonists.
Incompatible mixtures of anesthetic agents and adjuncts, when combined in the same syringe, can cause which of the following?
Change in dissociation
Change in water solubility
Change in chemistry
Change in physical dependency
In the United States, the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) is enforced by the:
RCMP.
DEA.
AAHA.
AVMA.
Parasympatholytics are:
noncontrolled drugs, such as anticholinergics, that are used to prevent and treat bradycardia and salivary secretions.
controlled drugs, such as anticholinergics, that are used to prevent and treat bradycardia and salivary secretions.
controlled drugs, such as anticholinergics, that are used to induce bradycardia.
noncontrolled drugs, such as anticholinergics, that are used to induce bradycardia.
Drugs such as atropine and glycopyrrolate function in what way?
Act on the CNS and reverse and prevent sympathetic effects
Act on the PNS and reverse and prevent sympathetic effects
Act on the CNS and reverse and prevent parasympathetic effects
Act on the PNS and reverse and prevent parasympathetic effects
Effects including arrhythmias and tachycardia, thickening of secretions, bronchodilation, and mydriasis are most likely to be seen with the use of which drug?
Acepromazine
Atipamezole
Atropine
Antisedan
The three classes of tranquilizers and sedatives that are often used in veterinary medicine include:
phenothiazines, benzodiazepines, and alfaxalone agonists.
phenothiazines, benzodiazepines, and alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists.
phenothiazines, barbiturates, and alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists.
phenothiazines, barbiturates, and alfaxalone agonists.
Post administration of acepromazine, a patient is noted to have an increased heart rate and decreased core temperature. To which common side effect is this attributed?
Peripheral vasodilation
Antiarrhythmic effect
Penile prolapse
Excitement
Which of the following groups of drugs, also referred to as minor tranquilizers, are commonly used for their sedative, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties?
Alpha2-agonists
Opioids
Phenothiazines
Benzodiazepines
Which benzodiazepine is most likely to cause irritation and pain when administered intramuscularly (IM)?
Telazol®
Zolazepam
Diazepam
Midazolam
Benzodiazepines exert their primary effects by increasing the activity of the:
CNS
GABA
CSA
DEA
The appropriate antagonist to use with benzodiazepines is:
flumazenil.
atipamezole.
yohimbine.
tolazoline.
The most appropriate route of administration for alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists is:
orally (PO) or subcutaneous (SC).
subcutaneous (SC) or intramuscular (IM).
intramuscular (IM) or intravenous (IV).
subcutaneous (SC) or intravenous (IV).
Due to their primary metabolic and excretion pathways, caution should be used when administering alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists to patients with which of the following conditions?
Hepatitis and renal dysfunction
Renal dysfunction and pruritis
Hepatitis and cardiovascular disease
Pruritis and cardiovascular disease
The most common cardiac arrhythmia observed in which of the following IV administration of alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists?
First- and fifth-degree AV block
Second- and fifth-degree AV block
First- and second-degree AV block
Fifth-degree AV block only
During administration of dexmedetomidine, bradycardia is noted. When taking treatment options into consideration, the most appropriate is administration of:
acepromazine.
anticholinergics.
ketamine.
The three major types of opioid receptors are:
mu, kappa, and delta.
mu, kappa, and gamma.
delta, gamma, and omega.
delta, kappa, and omega.
In regard to opioids, pure antagonists are known to:
partially stimulate the opioid receptors.
not stimulate the mu receptors; they only stimulate the kappa receptors.
bind to and stimulate the mu or kappa receptors.
bind to but not stimulate mu or kappa receptors.
Due to their tendency to increase intraocular and intracranial pressure, it is best to avoid the use of opioids in patients with which of the following conditions?
Mandibular fracture
CNS disorders
Gingival hyperplasia
Otitis externa
A state of profound sedation and analgesia induced by simultaneous administration of an opioid and tranquilizer is referred to as:
general anesthesia.
vagally induced bradycardia.
renarcotization.
neuroleptanalgesia.
In regard to narcotics, naloxone can be used for the reversal of:
agonists, partial agonists, or agonist–antagonists.
agonists and partial agonists only.
partial agonists and agonist–antagonists only.
agonist–antagonists only.
Drugs that have the ability to produce unconsciousness when given alone are characterized as:
disruptive anesthetics.
injectable anesthetics.
reversible anesthetics.
induction anesthetics.
The tendency of a drug to dissolve in fats, oils, or lipids is referred to as:
lipid solubility.
protein binding.
tissue redistribution.
lipid agonists.
After administration of propofol, blood flow is responsible for distribution throughout the body and results in which organ system receiving the highest concentration?
Fat
Muscle
Gastrointestinal tract
Brain
High doses and rapid administration of propofol are known to cause:
diarrhea.
Heinz bodies.
apnea.
anorexia.
Etomidate is best defined as an:
ultrashort-acting nonbarbiturate drug with minimal cardiovascular and respiratory effects.
ultrashort-acting, controlled, nonbarbiturate drug with significant cardiovascular and respiratory effects.
ultrashort-acting barbiturate drug with minimal cardiovascular and respiratory effects.
ultrashort-acting, controlled, barbiturate drug with significant cardiovascular and respiratory effects.
After administration of etomidate, which organ is it possible to see depressed for several hours?
Cardiovascular
Adrenal gland
Respiratory
Proper handling and use of alfaxalone and propofol include:
refrigeration.
subcutaneous injection as a premedication.
intramuscular injection as a CRI.
antiseptic technique.
Post administration of alfaxalone, it is important to monitor the patient for:
excitement during recovery.
hypertension.
muscle rigidity.
excitement during induction.
Which common class of controlled drugs was developed during the 1930s–1950s and was commonly used as general anesthetics?
Narcotics
Barbiturates
Alpha2-antagonists
Opiates
The most common use of pentobarbital is:
as a sedative in dogs and cats.
control of seizures in horses.
as a euthanasia agent.
control of seizures in dogs and cats.
The most commonly utilized dissociative anesthetic in veterinary medicine is:
morphine.
sevoflurane.
phencyclidine.
Dissociative anesthetics should be used with caution in patients with what underlying metabolic condition due to their redistribution and metabolism properties?
Hepatic insufficiency
Cardiac insufficiency
Neurologic insufficiency
Respiratory insufficiency
While ketamine is widely used in veterinary medicine, it is currently licensed for use in which species?
Equine
Feline
Canine
Exotics
The most common cardiac changes associated with administration of dissociative anesthetics are:
decreased heart rate and output.
decreased heart rate and mean arterial pressure.
increased heart rate and output.
increased heart rate and decreased mean arterial pressure.
Tiletamine is sold only in combination with what other drug?
Lorazepam
Dissociatives exert their effects by acting upon:
NMDA receptors.
β-endorphin receptors.
mu receptors.
delta receptors.
Which noncontrolled dissociative, commonly used for large animal medicine, has no anesthetic or analgesic properties when used alone?
Ketamine
Guaifenesin
Tiletamine
Telazol
The first clinically used inhalation anesthetic was:
chloroform.
nitrous oxide.
diethyl ether.
halothane.
The principal organ(s) involved in the elimination of halogenated compounds is(are):
brain.
liver
kidneys
lungs
Halogenated compounds readily enter the brain due to what factor?
High lipid solubility
Alveoli partial pressure
Concentration gradient
Diffusion
When halogenated agents are exposed to desiccated carbon dioxide absorbent, the results include:
carbon dioxide production.
carbon monoxide production.
oxygen production.
water production.
Decreased renal blood flow can be seen when using inhalation agents, secondary to which side effect?
Depressed ventilation
Hypothermia
Depressed cardiovascular function
Muscle fasciculations
Vapor pressure is best defined as:
the amount of pressure exerted by the gaseous form of a substance when the gas and liquid states are in equilibrium.
both agent and temperature dependent.
how readily the liquid condenses in the anesthetic machine.
the causative agent for use of a precision vaporizer.
Which of the following is responsible for the speed of induction and recovery of a patient?
Vapor pressure
Blood–gas partition coefficient
Sponge effect
MAC
During a surgical process, anesthetic agent Z (MAC = 1.3%) was delivered at a setting of 1.3%. Utilizing the theory of MAC, how many dogs out of ten would respond to painful stimuli?
Three dogs
Five dogs
Seven dogs
None
Isoflurane is labeled for use in:
exotics.
zoo animals.
cats.
horses.
Sevoflurane is labeled for use in:
exotics
zoo animals
cats
dogs
Which of the following inhalant anesthetics are going to produce the fastest induction and recovery based on their blood–gas partition coefficient?
Desflurane/0.42
Sevoflurane/0.68
Isoflurane/1.46
Methoxyflurane/15.0
The primary reason for the use of nitrous oxide with other inhalant anesthetics is:
it is gas at room temperature.
it is easily administered with a flowmeter.
it reduces MAC by 20% to 30%.
it does not require a vaporizer.
Doxapram is best categorized as an:
alpha2-antagonist.
analeptic agent.
alpha2-agonist.
opioid antagonist.