The use of a chemical agent on sensory neurons to disrupt the nerve impulse transmission that will lead to a temporary loss of sensation is:
paresis.
cauda equina.
local anesthesia.
tidal volume.
Which of the following agents should be used as a local anesthetic for ophthalmic cases?
Lidocaine
Bupivacaine
Tetracaine
Procaine
A local block is needed for a small mass removal on a front leg and the surgeon would like to have the block working immediately after placement. Which drug would be the best choice?
Proparacaine
Which type of agent will affect the neurons but will allow the animal to be fully conscious?
Local anesthetics
Inhalant anesthetics
Sedatives
General anesthetic
A local anesthetic that is injected around a single major nerve is referred to as a(n):
splash block.
ring block.
epidural.
nerve block.
A 12-year-old Labrador is scheduled to have a toe amputation. What type of block would be the best to place in this patient?
Splash block
Ring block
Epidural
Line block
You are assisting with a dehorning procedure on a mature animal. What would be the preferred block to place?
Paravertebral block
Cornual block
Intercostal block
A 4-year-old Holstein is in dystocia. What block would be used to allow the veterinarian to perform a cesarean section?
A small dog has been hit by a car, and the surgeon plans to repair the fractured pelvis. What would be the recommended type of block?
Paravertebral
Intrathecal
Brachial plexus
A complication commonly seen in conjunction with a paravertebral block is:
scoliosis.
paralysis.
A patient exhibits signs of severe sympathetic blockade leading to flushing and increased skin temperature. What would be the recommended treatment for this condition?
Intravenous colloid fluid administration at a rate of 5 mL/kg for 1 hr
Intravenous colloid fluid administration at a rate of 20 mL/kg for 20 min
Intravenous crystalloid fluid administration at a rate of 5 mL/kg for 1 hr
Intravenous crystalloid fluid administration at a rate of 20 mL/kg for 20 min
Which route of administration of a local anesthetic offers fast but only minimal pain relief and lasts only for a short time?
Splash Block
Ring Block
Line Block
Which of the following anesthetic agents can be instilled through a chest tube placed during a thoracic surgery? What is the agent and when should it be administered?
Lidocaine—as soon as the tube is placed during surgery
Bupivacaine—as soon as the tube is placed during surgery
Lidocaine—not until the animal is awake
Bupivacaine—not until the animal is awake
When placing a local anesthetic in an infiltration block, care must be taken to avoid injection into:
scar tissue as the pH of the tissue will inactivate the anesthetic.
inflamed or infected tissues as the pH of the tissue will inactivate the anesthetic.
fatty or edematous tissues as the pH of the tissue will inactivate the anesthetic.
inflamed or infected tissues as the tissue will impede the diffusion of the drug.
Which of the following is true?
Epinephrine added to a local anesthetic causes vasodilation of the blood vessels in the area of the injection causing an increase in the rate of drug absorption.
Epinephrine added to a local anesthetic should be used at the incision sites to improve tissue perfusion and healing.
Epinephrine added to the local anesthetic causes constriction of the blood vessels in the area of the injection and decreases the rate of the drug absorption.
By causing vasodilation, the epinephrine reduces the concentration of the local anesthetic, reducing the toxicity of the drug.
In which cases should the use of epinephrine be avoided?
To prolong the effect of lidocaine by constricting the blood vessels
To reduce the toxicity of the anesthetic drugs such as lidocaine
As an intravenous injection
In young healthy animals undergoing a dental extraction
When placing a dental nerve block, what must be done to ensure a safe placement of the anesthetic agent?
Aspirate before injecting.
Inject directly into the nerve to be blocked.
Clip the area where the block is to be placed.
Apply a splash block prior to placing a regional nerve block.
Which type of block is performed by inserting the needle into the tissue and gradually withdrawing the needle while injecting a small amount of local anesthetic?
splash block
ring block
epidural
line block
A patient needs to have an epidural placed for postoperative pain control following a cruciate surgery. What can be used to avoid complications with the sympathetic blockade and hypotension?
Morphine
When placing an epidural, the local anesthetic should be deposited into the:
pia mater.
arachnoid layer.
epidural space.
subarachnoid space.
Which type of block is often used on cattle and involves the use of a tourniquet placed proximal to the vein?
Bier block
Which anesthetic agent can be administered intravenously by using a constant rate infusion to a healthy anesthetized patient, and what is the advantage of doing so?
Bupivacaine—to reduce the dose of general anesthetic required
Bupivacaine—to increase the level of analgesia during a painful operation
Lidocaine—to reduce the dose of general anesthetic required for a painful operation and to prevent cardiac arrhythmias
Procaine—to reduce the risk of cardiac arrhythmias
The abnormal sensation of tingling, pain, or irritation that may occur from local anesthesia is:
paresthesia.
Which of the following is a true statement regarding complications from an epidural?
The animal should be tilted slightly downward to ensure that the anesthetic reaches as far cranially as possible.
Diffusion of the anesthetic into the cervical and thoracic spinal cord can result in bradycardia, decreased cardiac output, and hypotension.
Epidurals rarely cause trauma, so placing them in an awake patient is acceptable.
It is recommended to use agents with preservatives in epidurals.
Which of the following can be a complication of local anesthetics infiltrating in the cranial part of the spinal cord?
Inflammation and fibrosis formation
Myelitis
Meningitis
Respiratory paralysis
Which of the following is the correct maximum dose for an average 9-pound cat?
0.8 mL of 2% lidocaine subcutaneously
0.8 mL of 2% lidocaine intravenously
0.5 mL of 5% bupivacaine subcutaneously
0.8 mL of 5% bupivacaine intravenously
The anesthetist’s delivery of all of the air and/or anesthetic gases required by the patient is termed:
assisted ventilation.
controlled ventilation.
positive pressure ventilation.
bagging.
Inspiration is triggered by the respiratory center of the brain when:
there is a decreased level of CO2 in the venous blood.
there is an increased level of O2 in the venous blood.
there is an increased level of CO2 in the arterial blood.
there is a decreased level of O2 in the arterial blood.
A normal awake dog is breathing normally at 30 breaths/min. What is its approximate respiratory minute volume?
100 to 200 mL/kg
225 to 275 mL/kg
300 to 450 mL/kg
500 to 650 mL/kg
A complication of an anesthetized animal breathing room air would be
an increase in the PaCO2.
a decrease in the PaCO2.
the formation of HCO3 ions.
the formation of H+ ions.
The inability of the anesthetized animal to allow the alveoli to expand fully can result in:
atelectasis.
hypoxemia.
hypercarbia.
hyperventilation.
Which species tends to hypoventilate and become hypocarbic during anesthetic procedures?
Feline
Equine
Canine
Bovine
How often should manual ventilation be performed on an anesthetized patient?
1 breath every 15 sec
1 breath every 60 sec
1 to 2 breaths every 2 to 5 min
2 breaths every 12 min
What can happen if the ventilation rate is too high in an anesthetized patient?
The alveoli may rupture.
Cardiac output may be decreased.
Respiratory alkalosis may occur.
The patient may wake up.
Anesthetic depth can be difficult to monitor in animals given a neuromuscular blocking agent. What is the most reliable indication of anesthetic depth in these patients?
Jaw tone
Palpebral reflex
Anal tone
Heart Rate
An animal may have increased susceptibility to neuromuscular blocking agents if it has recently undergone a treatment with:
antiemetics.
organophosphates.
NSAIDs.
anticholinergics.
Which is true of neuromuscular blocking agents?
Provide good analgesia in addition to tranquilizing properties
Have no effect on the respiratory muscles
Should be used in addition to an anesthetic as they do not produce analgesia or anesthetic properties
Should be given to conscious animals only
