There are three main considerations that must be made when deciding if an antimicrobial will be a successful choice to control a pathogenic infection. These include all of the following except
the animal must tolerate high drug concentrations.
the antimicrobial must reach the site of infection at appropriate concentrations.
the antimicrobial must not cause any adverse effects.
the microbe must be susceptible to the medication.
A dog is being treated for a Staphylococcal infection with an antibiotic that has a MTD that is lower than the laboratory-determined MIC for this drug-pathogen relationship. Should this antimicrobial be used?
NO
YES
MAYBE
cannot be determined with this limited information
Which of the following organizations is the division of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that is responsible for tracking how bacterial resistance and sensitivity profiles change over time?
APHIS
USGS
WHO
NARMS
A strain of E. coli has been exposed to low levels of an antibiotic. The small number of remaining bacteria after this treatment results in a pathogen population that is more resistant to the antibiotic than prior to the treatment. As these bacteria replicate, they pass this resistance profile to their daughter cells. This type of antibiotic resistance transmission is considered
horizontal transfer.
vertical transfer.
spontaneous resistance.
transposon mediated transfer
It is important to understand the potential for drug residues when choosing therapies for specific groups of animals. For which of the following animals would drug withdrawal times need to be known?
standardbred horses.
service dogs.
alpacas raised for their hair.
laying hens.
shelter cats.
It is not recommended to treat animals with bacteriostatic drugs such as tetracyclines while simultaneously treating with bacteriocidal drugs such as penicillin. Why?
Penicillin only kills active growing bacteria
Tetracyclines form toxic compounds when exposed to penicillin
Too many bacteria are killed with this combo therapy
Tetracycline use results in beta-lactam resistance
A bacterial strain was tested at the state veterinary diagnostic laboratory and was shown to be resistant to amoxicillin. Of the following, which would be the best choice to use for treating an infection with this bacterial strain?
Penicillin
Clavamox
Ceftiofur
Ampicillin
Enrofloxacin
Sulfonamides are very wide spectrum antimicrobials that work via disruption of microbial folic acid synthesis. Which of the following statements regarding sulfonamides is not true?
Sulfonamides are antimicrobials that have been used for many years
Sulfonamides are bacteriocidal drugs unless potentiated
Sulfonamides are effective against protozoal diseases
Some sulfonamides function as anti-inflammatories
Sulfonamides are becoming increasingly less effective because of bacterial resistance
Which of the following drug-adverse effect pairs is incorrect?
Penicillin–hypersensitivity
Sulfonamides–dry eye
Chloramphenicol–elevated red blood cell production
Tetracycline–tooth discoloration
Tilmicosin–cardiotoxicity
What drugs, in addition to anti-inflammatories such as glucocorticoids and antibiotics such as the aminoglycosides, are often included in otic preparations for external ear infections in companion animals?
Osmotic agents such as mannitol
Antifungal drugs such as clotrimazole
Antiviral drugs such as interferon
Bacteriostatic drugs such as florphenicol
The lowest concentration of a drug needed to inhibit bacterial growth is called:
minimum incremental concentration.
minimum interfering concentration.
minimum inhibitory concentration.
minimum inhibitory chemical.
If a drug’s MIC is > MTD
The bacteria are considered to be susceptible to the drug
The drug concentration needed to inhibit the pathogen will not be safe
The drug will not be well tolerated
The drug will only inhibit the bacterial cycle
It has been shown that there is a strong correlation between antibiotic use in food animals and
NARMS has been established by the CDC to monitor levels.
antimicrobial resistance.
zoonotic bacterial have been introduce.
All of the above
When bacteria make physical contact with another bacterium and transfer a plasmid this is called
binary fission.
horizontal transmission.
vertical transmission.
antibiotic resistance.
Residue of a drug that can be found in a food product can be dangerous because
it can lead to selection for resistant bacteria in the intestinal tract of humans.
it can cause allergic reactions in the humans that consume or handle it.
A and B
None of the above are true
Drugs that target cell wall synthesis are most active against the bacteria’s.
Division phase
Resting phase
Spore phase
Hyphal phase
All of the following are penicillins except
amoxicillin.
ampicillin.
cloxacillin.
gentocillin.
Beta-lactams can be a good choice for urinary tract infections because
they are inactivated in urine.
they are heavily metabolized in the liver.
they pass unmetabolized by passive diffusion across the glomerulus.
they are metabolized by the kidney.
The addition of ____________ and benzathine to penicillin G delays absorption from IM or SC routes.
procaine
K+
Na+
aqueous
Tetracyclines are
bacteriostatic.
bacteriocidal.
The same as sulfonamides.
hydrophobic.
Which of the following are not considered primary targets for antimicrobial therapies?
Ribosomal protein production
Nucleic acid replication factors
Nucleic acid transcription factors
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Which of these medications is the odd drug?
Gentamicin
Tulathromycin
Streptomycin
Kanamycin
Amikacin
Why isn’t gentamicin used to treat bacterial enteritis localized in the colon?
Because no infectious agents are located in the colon
Because the colon is very anaerobic
Most enteric diseases aren’t bacterial but instead viral
Gentamicin destroys cell membranes, which worsens the enteritis
Gentamicin is not a very effective antibiotic for any disease
Antibiotics such as kanamycin that function by reaching a relatively high serum level are considered ___________-dependent drugs, while those that need to be in the body continuously are considered ____________-dependent drugs.
serum, tissue
bacterial, viral
temperature, pressure
concentration, time
A urinary tract infection (UTI) was cultured in the regional veterinary diagnostic laboratory, and MICs were computed based on serial dilution assay. Penicillin had an MIC double the referenced dosage that can be accomplished in the serum. Regardless, the clinician still decided to use penicillin to treat this infection. Why?
Penicillins reach high levels in the urine
Penicillin is cheap
Penicillin is the only drug labelled for treatment of UTI
All other drugs are excreted through the bile
