A Morula is an early stage embryo consisting of 16 4 8 20 24( 16, 4, 8, 20, 24 ) cells
Layers of the blastocyst: = Surface layer of cells of the blastocyst that penetrate the endometrium in order for implantation to occur = This part of the blastocyst goes on to become the embryo after implantation in the uterus
Which layer of the blastocyst goes on to become the placenta?
Trophoblast
Inner Cell Mass
In order for implantation to occur, the trophoblastic cells of the blastocyst burrow into which layer of the uterus? The
When implantation is finished the blastocyst is completely buried within the endometrial layer.
The is the uterine lining (endometrium) during a pregnancy, which forms the maternal part of the placenta
The outermost membrane surrounding an embryo formed by Trophoblastic cells is known as the
The placenta and the foetal heart are both fully functional by the 5th 12th 24th 20th( 5th, 12th, 24th, 20th ) week of pregnancy
Which hormone signals the corpus luteum to continue to secrete progesterone in order to maintain the endometrium?
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Oestrogen
FSH
LH
Testosterone
Trophoblastic cells differentiate into syncytiotrophoblasts which invade the decidua in order to break down capillaries and to allow direct contact between foetal and maternal blood.
The small capillary projections the embryo sends into the syncytiotrophoblast maternal blood filled regions are known as placental
Which hormone, released by the corpus luteum, stimulates the endometrium to concentrate glycogen, protein and lipids?
During foetal development, the lungs are deflated. Which structure allows gas exchange whilst such development is occurring? The
Oxygen saturated blood reaches the foetus via the umbilical uterine( umbilical, uterine ) vein artery( vein, artery ) after saturation from maternal blood.
Foetal haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen and thus the mother is required to provide the foetus with increased amounts of oxygen.
There is a higher concentration of haemoglobin in the foetal blood
In the umbilical cord, there are 2 umbilical arteries is 1 umbilical artery( are 2 umbilical arteries, is 1 umbilical artery ) and 1 umbilical vein 2 umbilical veins( 1 umbilical vein, 2 umbilical veins )
Which blood vessel(s) carries oxygen rich blood from the placenta to the foetus via the umbilical cord? The umbilical vein arteries( vein, arteries )
Which vessel(s) carries poorly oxygenated blood from the foetus to the placenta via the umbilical cord? Umbilical arteries vein( arteries, vein )
After gas exchange has occurred at the placenta so that the umbilical vein has been perfused with oxygen to go to the foetus, which veins drain the now deoxygenated maternal blood back towards the mother's heart? The Veins
Why does foetal haemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin?
Foetal blood has lower CO2 levels thus leading to a left shift in the oxygen dissociation curve
Foetal blood is less acidic thus leading to a left shift in the oxygen dissociation curve
Foetal haemoglobin interacts less with 2,3-diphosphoglycerate thus leading to a left shift in the oxygen dissociation curve
Foetal blood is a lower temperature than adult blood thus leading to a left shift in the oxygen dissociation curve
Which hormone prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum?
hCG
Electrolytes such as Calcium and Iron follow the osmotic gradient and thus these nutrients never pass from foetus to mother during pregnancy.
Which three of the following statements are true about Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (hCS)
It is produced as of Week 5 of pregnancy
It is produced as of week 8 of pregnancy
It decreases insulin sensitivity in the mother, allowing more glucose to be available to the foetus
It has a direct effect on the testes of the male foetus, aiding the development of the male sex organs
It is directly involved in the development of the breasts during pregnancy
It prevents degradation of the corpus luteum by promoting progesterone secretion
Which of the following hormones has a very similar structure to TSH and binds to thyroid receptors in some cases leading to Hyperthyroidism in some pregnant women?
Progesterone
Pregnancy causes an increased demand for Calcium in the body. This can predispose to which endocrine condition?
During pregnancy, along with the increased heart rate and cardiac output, the blood pressure of the mother typically decreases increases( decreases, increases )
Which two clinical signs are the main indicators of pre-eclampsia? (give in alphabetical order)
As well as hypertension and proteinuria, pre-eclampsia is also commonly marked by oedema formation in which two of the following areas?
Hands
Feet
Face
Sacrum
Lungs
Eclampsia (extreme pre-eclampsia) is lethal without treatment
Which three of the following commonly occur due to eclampsia?
Extreme hypotension
Extreme hypertension
Coma
Chronic Seizures
Vomiting
Muscular spasming
Umbilical herniation
Cardiac Arrhythmias
What is the best treatment for pre-eclampsia if the woman is approaching or has reached term?
Anti-hypertensives (e.g. labetalol)
Early delivery of baby
Vasodilating medications
Pregnant woman require how many extra calories a day (kcal)?
1500-2000 kcal
1000-1250 kcal
250-300 kcal
500-750 kcal
During which trimester is a woman most likely to develop gestational diabetes?
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
Which supplement is given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects? supplementation
The term for the birth of a baby is
During parturition, which hormone can be given in order to increase the power of a woman's contractions? Intramuscular injection
A woman with a multiple pregnancy (e.g. twins, triplets, etc) is more likely to have an early delivery due to the fact that stretching of the uterus actively increases its likelihood for its musculature to contract.
Braxton Hicks contractions indicate the beginning of labour.
During which trimester do Braxton Hicks contractions typically occur?
Stages of labour: 1st Stage: Cervical dilation (8-24 hours) (few mins - 120 mins)( (8-24 hours), (few mins - 120 mins) ) 2nd Stage: passage through birth canal (few mins - 120 mins) (8-24 hours)( (few mins - 120 mins), (8-24 hours) ) 3rd Stage: Expulsion of placenta
During labour the cervix typically dilates at around 1cm 0.5cm 2cm 3cm( 1cm, 0.5cm, 2cm, 3cm ) per hour
At birth there is a sudden drop in progesterone and oestrogen levels. This allows which pituitary hormone to stimulate lactation?
As well as prolactin, which other pituitary hormone is key to lactation via promotion of smooth muscle contraction within the breast?
It has been scientifically proven that the sound of a child's cry increases the production of which two hormones, thus increasing a woman's likelihood to lactate? (alphabetical order)
The milk 'let down' reflex is in regard to which pituitary hormone?
