the main routes of enteral administration of drugs are
oral
by injection
rectal
per mucosa
Advantages of the oral route of drug administration are
easily self-administered
toxicity and overdose may be overcome with antidotes
drugs avoid first-pass metabolism
drugs go directly into the systemic circulation
Advantages of the rectal route of drug administration are
suitable for vomiting patients
suitable for children
suitable for unconscious patients
a way to avoid first-pass metabolism
Disadvantages of iv drug administration are
a trained staff is required
risk of bacterial contamination at the site of injection
it is painful and stressful for the patient
drugs undergo first-pass metabolism in the liver
Point out the correct statements for iv drug administration
aqueous solutions can be administered iv
oil solutions can be administered iv
has the highest bioavailability
used for treatment of life-threatening conditions
The subject of pharmacokinetics is
drug absorption and distribution
drug biotransformation
drug elimination
drug biological activity
Point out the correct statements for passive diffusion
does not require energy
requires energy
involves a carrier
drugs move from high to lower concentration
The diffusion of lipid soluble drugs
depends on the charge of the drug molecule
does not depend on the charge of the drug molecule
is penetration through aqueous channels or pores
is penetration through the biological membranes
A drug-weak acid will be absorbed
in a medium with low pH
in a medium with high pH
in the stomach
in the intestine
A drug-weak base will be absorbed
Point out the correct statements for active drug transport
it is energy- dependent
it is not energy- dependent
requires carriers
does not require carriers
Point out the correct statement for drugs bound to plasma proteins
bound drugs are pharmacologically active
only the unbound drugs can act on target sites in the tissues
only the bound drugs are available to the process of elimination
drugs may displace each other from the binding proteins
Drug metabolism may
increase a drug's pharmacological activity
decrease a drug's pharmacological activity
change the pharmacological effects of a drug
change the toxicity of a drug
first phase liver metabolism reactions include
acetylation
conjugation
reduction
oxidation
Second phase liver metabolism reactions include
Phase I of drug metabolism
may or may not involve cytochrome P450 system
phase I reactions convert lipophilic molecules to more polar molcecules
includes alcohol dehydrogenation, amine oxidation, hydrolysis
consists of conjugation reactions
Renal excretion of a drug will be reduced if
the drug is a weak acid and the urine is alkaline
the drug is a weak acid and the urine is acidic
the drug is a weak base and the urine is alkaline
the drug is a barbiturate and the urine is alkaline
Drug pharmacodynamics includes
drug effects
mechanisms of drug action
how the organism changes drugs
The changes that occur due to the interaction between drug molecules and organism structures are called
drug effect
drug action
adverse drug reaction
placebo effect
The organism response as a result of the changes that have occured due to its interaction with the drug is called
What is characteristic for a drug receptor
induces (generates) a change in organism functions
has selectivity
has sensitivity
has specifity
Agonists are ligands which
have affinity
block receptors
have intrinsic activity
bind to the receptor
Antagonists are ligands which
have strong affinity
block the receptor
do not have intrinsic activity
Therapeutic margin is the
difference between maximal toxic and minimal therapeutic doses
ratio between minimal toxic and minimal therapeutic doses
difference between mean lethal and mean effective doses
ratio between lethal and mean effective doses
Drugs' therapeutic index is the
difference between minimal toxic and minimal therapeutic doses
ratio between mean lethal and mean effective doses
Types of drug interaction are
synergy
antagonism
synergy/ antagonism
chemical antagonism (formation of complexes)
Potentiation can be observed during the concomitant use of
Fentanyl and Droperidol
Heparin and Protamine
Amoxicillin and Clavulonic acid
Diazepam and Flumazenil
Full competitive antagonist of opioid receptors, administered in acute opioid intoxication is
Allylnormorphine
Methadone
Naloxone
Flumazenil
Chemical antagonism or complex formation can be observed in
Morphine and Naloxone
Epinephrine and Histamine
Iron preparation and Deferroxamine
Which of the following are enzyme inducers
Phenytoin
Phenobarbital
Metamizol
Metronidazole
Multiple drug administration could lead to
drug tolerance
drug dependence
drug accumulation
allergic reactions
Drug addicition/ dependence involves
physical dependence
psychological dependence
allergy
Antiseptics are used for
decontamination of laundry and sanitary facilities
decontamination of skin and mucous membranes
internal administration
treatment of fever
Disinfectants are used for decontamination of
urine, faeces and other
mouth
instruments
clothing and underwear
Antiseptics and disinfectants are
detergents
barbiturates
oxidizing agents and halogen derivatives
phenols
