Dictionaries, specific language used by particular groups, jargon are examples of this
lexicon
rubicon
vocabulary
dialect
The teacher reads a student sentence and describes how the language components are actually being used and does not point out if it is wrong or right.
prescriptive grammar
semantics
pragmatics
descriptive grammar
African American Vernacular English has a habitual tense that does not really exist in Standard English. (EX: "He be workin")
These sounds are created without obstructing flow of air.
vowels
consonants
/a/, /e/
/b/, /t/
The student asks if she can go to the bathroom, the teacher responds with, "May I go?" This is an example of
preferred grammar
approximate grammar
A consonant sound is produced with definite and clear obstruction of air by the
lips
teeth
palate
tongue
Bill Labov studies the shift in the pronunciation of short vowels like in the words "boss and bus' in northern American cities. This is an example of
chronology
morphology
phonology
biology
Stops block the airflow and let it go abruptly; they are ALL voiced including /p/, /t/, and /k/
"That's bad" can be understood as something actually being horrible (negative) or it can mean cool or awesome (positive); it depends on the context of the situation. This is an example of
syntax
approximation
AAVE
Glides move your tongue to or from a vowel. Examples of these are
/w/, /j/
/l/, /r/
/b/, /d/
/p/, /t/
Studying why adding an -s does not make words plural (EX: mail+s=mails; She mails the letters on Monday) is an example of
phonemics
monopoly
"I ain't saying nothin to no one" is an example of double negation for Standard American English.
The study of language is
linguistics
phonetics
Fricatives can continue indefinitely until you are out of air. Examples of these fricatives can be found in the following words:
sitter
chair
zebra
joy
Affricatives /ch/ and /j/ are two part consonant sounds which means they start as a stop and end as a fricative.
If you study shades of meaning in words like snicker, cackle, and laugh then you are a student of semantics.
An example of dialect is Chinese to the Cantonese language.
Approximants are vowel-like consonants because we don't block the airflow fully. Examples of these are:
liquids
glides
/j/, /w/
The study of how language is used and shaped by the social nature of human beings is sociolinguistics.
Liquids /l/ and /r/ as heard in the words load and road share the following characteristics
are voiced
are voiceless
raise and curl tongue, and let airflow escape around the sides
raise and curl tongue, and do not let airflow escape around the sides