Breast Carcinoma is considered to be which type of carcinoma?
Adenocarcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma
Breast Adenocarcinoma commonly occurs in the epithelial cells of which breast structure?
Terminal Duct Lobular Units
Lactiferous Ducts
Areola
Lactiferous Sinus
Breast Vascular Tissues
A carcinoma which hasn't yet breached basement membrane is known as an carcinoma A carcinoma which has breached the basement membrane is known as an carcinoma
Lobular neoplasias: ❌ = >50% of lobule involved ❌ = <50% of lobule involved ❌ = Typically >50% of lobule involved & breach of basement membrane
Lobular neoplasms typically grow in response to which hormone?
The red dots show tumours in a breast. Which shows a multifocal cancer and which shows a multicentric cancer?
Description of a Lobular In Situ Neoplasia: Frequently multifocal multicentric unifocal( multifocal, multicentric, unifocal ) and bilateral unilateral( bilateral, unilateral ) Incidence decreases increases( decreases, increases ) following menopause Is not Is( Is not, Is ) typically palpable Usually incidental non-incidental( incidental, non-incidental ) finding
How are lobular neoplasms typically managed?
Excision following diagnosis
Reassurance and watchful waiting
A woman has a routine mammography scan conducted as part of the breast screening program. Three small lesions are noticed in the upper outer quadrant of her right breast. If you were to suggest a biopsy of these lesions, which 2 of the following might you consider?
Core Needle Biopsy
Vacuum Needle Biopsy
Fine Needle Aspiration
Immediate Surgical Excision of Lesions
In which breast structures do Ductal Carcinoma In Situ originate?
Terminal Duct Lobular Unit
Lactiferous Duct
Sub-areolar structures
Breast Vasculature
Ductal carcinoma in situ is typically ❌
❌ = Confined within the basement membrane of the duct ❌ = Breached the basement membrane of the duct
Observe the picture. Which condition are you worried about in this woman? of the breast
Paget's Disease of the Breast is typically indicative of an underlying Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Invasive Ductal Carcinoma( Ductal Carcinoma In Situ, Invasive Ductal Carcinoma )
Which of the following are typical signs of Paget's Disease of the Breast?
Involuted nipple
Straw-coloured/bloody discharge from nipple
Burning pain sensation in nipple
Eczema on the nipple
Low hanging breast on affected side
In the case of high grade ductal neoplasms such as DCIS, growth of the tumour can outpace the development of the blood supply thus leading to the entire duct becoming plugged with cancerous cells which typically become necrosed. This is known as necrosis.
How is Ductal Carcinoma In Situ typically managed?
Surgical excision +/- radiotherapy
Reassurance & watchful waiting
Core Needle/Vacuum Biopsy to exclude invasive carcinoma then radiotherapy only
Which structure is breached in invasive carcinomas? The
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in females
Which cancer most commonly affects males? cancer
Having a child which a woman subsequently breast feeds significantly reduces her risk of developing breast cancer at a later age.
Nulliparous women are less likely to develop breast cancer
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer Development: Early Late( Early, Late ) menarche Late Early( Late, Early ) menopause
Hormone therapies such as HRT and the Oral Contraceptive Pill have negligible effects on the risk of breast cancer development
Women in Western Europe have the highest incidence of breast cancer of any geographical region in the world.
Which of the following has a greater impact on the risk of breast cancer development?
Cigarette Smoking
High Alcohol Consumption
Which genetic mutations are the most common indicators of breast cancer risk in women? BRCA BCRF BCAG( BRCA, BCRF, BCAG ) mutations 1 and 2
Statistically, 1 in every 8 6 12 20( 8, 6, 12, 20 ) women will develop breast cancer at some point in their lifetime.
Which of the following is the most common invasive breast carcinoma?
Ductal
Lobular
Tubular
Mucinous
Medullary
Which of the following is the second most common invasive breast carcinoma?
Which lymph nodes do breast carcinomas typically metastasize to?
Axillary
Para-aortic
Abdominal
Internal Mammary
Supraclavicular
The lymph node is the hypothetical first lymph node or group of nodes in which a tumour drains.
The more hormone receptors an invasive carcinoma has, the better its prognosis.
In terms of hormone receptors, 80% of invasive breast carcinomas are positive for ❌ receptors and 67% are positive for ❌ receptors
is an anti-oestrogen prodrug which when given gives rise to compounds which act as oestrogen receptor antagonists, thus preventing the growth and proliferation of cancer cells.
Tamoxifen should not be given to those with non-invasive breast cancer (e.g. DCIS)
The primary treatment for invasive breast cancers such as Invasive Ductal Carcinoma is hormone adjuvant therapy
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