The eastern third of what is now the United States was occupied by the
Plains Indians
Mountain tribes
Coastal tribes
Pineland tribes
Woodland Indians
Indian religions
used totem poles in their ceremonies
were tied closely to the natural world
were not very important for their culture
emphasized monotheism
were centered on human sacrifice
Paralleling the rise of commerce in Europe, and in part responsible for it, was the
return of the Black Death
rise of united and powerful nation-states
invention of the compass
discovery of a direct route to the Indies by sailing west
start of the African Slave Trade
Despite the Indians' public conversion to Catholicism,
rebellions against whites ceased.
most natives continued to practice their own religious rituals
native religions died out
Spain lost control of St. Augustine
Spain was able to control all Southwestern tribes
The first and perhaps the most profound result of the meeting of Native American and European cultures was the
native adoption of European ways of waging war
exchange of plants and animals
importation of European diseases
European adaptation of native customs
intermarriage of Europeans and natives
Ultimately more important to Europe than the gold and silver found in the New World was the
discovery of new forms of religious worship
domination of the mestizos
importation of new crops that could feed larger numbers of people
Indian labor force
architectural knowledge gained from the Aztecs
In the sixteenth century, the market for slaves initially grew dramatically as a result of
a desire to Christianize Africans
the need for labor in the rice plantations of South Carolina
the need for labor in the cotton fields
the rising European demand for sugar cane
the English entry into the slave market
As a result of experiences in conquering and subduing Ireland, the English believed that
they could not build a complete society of their own
Catholicism should be exported to North America
they should intermarry with Native Americans
they must maintain a rigid separation from the native population
all they needed to do was subdue the natives and rule them
The Iroquois Confederation consisted of tribes in the southernmost region of the eastern seaboard.
Cortes might not have been able to defeat the Aztecs had it not been for an epidemic of smallpox that decimated the native population.
The oldest permanent European settlement in the present-day United States is the Spanish colonial city of St. Augustine.
Europeans felt justified in their treatment of the Indians because they considered the Indians uncivilized savages and heathens.
Besides an increase in demand for foreign goods, what other factor motivated European maritime expansion in the fifteenth century?
the emergence of new, better organized nation-states
a decline in population brought on by the Black Death
a decline in Islamic commercial and military strength
an increase in conflict between European monarchies
Which European nation was the first to encounter the New World and establish a presence in North America?
France
England
Spain
Portugal
Which feature of Spanish colonial society contrasted most with North American ENGLISH settlements?
political structures
gender relations
agricultural system
interethnic marriage
How did mercantilist theory encourage European colonization in the Americas?
By arguing that global resources were finite, it encouraged European monarchies to colonize the Americas as part of the European power rivalry
by arguing that state power was connected to exports, it encouraged the development of colonial economies
by calling for expansion of state revenues, mercantilism encouraged Europeans to seek gold and silver to fund colonial ventures in the Americas
by arguing that state economies could offer wide opportunitiesfor all, mercantilism encouraged the formation of colonial territories and regional economies
Why did the English become interested in colonization in the sixteenth century?
they feared their regional rivals and hoped to establish new communities far from Europe
they were suffering from religious strife, as well as economic hardships and increasing land scarcity
they were determined to expand their territory and become a vast landed empire
they were jealous of the Portuguese and Spanish success and sought New World colonies of their own
Which region was the first to experience English colonization?
South Africa
the Caribbean
Ireland
North America
Which of the following characteristics became a key feature of English colonization?
social separation into class groups
economic partnerships between colonists and natives
intermarriage with native women
rigid separation between colonists and natives
The origins of the majority of human existence in North America began
as a result of the development of the wheel
long after the last ice age ended
from the southern tip of South America
with the explorations of Christopher Columbus
with migrations from Eurasia over the Bering Strait
By the late fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries, the desire in Europe to look for new lands was spurred by
a desire to escape the Black Death
the absence of a merchant class in Europe
the declining political power of many European monarchs
the expansion of feudalism in Europe
rapid and significant population growth in Europe
The preeminent European maritime power in the fifteenth century (early) was
the Netherlands
In Spanish colonial societies, mestizos
were officially illegal but generally tolerated
was the name given to Catholic priests, friars, and missionaries
were considered to be at the top of the social hierarchy
soon made up the largest segment of the population
were usually sold into slavery
By the sixteenth century, what condition in England provided the strongest incentive for colonization?
both the food supply and the population were declining
both food supply and the population were increasing
the demand for wool was declining, while the population was growing
pastureland was being converted to crop production, while the population was declining
the availability of farmland was declining, while the population was growing
The first permanent English settlement in the New World was
Jamestown
Boston
Raleigh
Roanoke
Plymouth
An important consequence of the defeat of the Spanish Armada was that
the Protestant Reformation extended into Spain
Catholicism was swept away from Western Europe
England found the seas more open to their control
Spain was forced to relinquish its New World empire
France came to dominate Spain
Roanoke had a troubled beginning, but eventually became a successful English colony.
Some historians have suggested that European diseases virtually eliminated some Native American tribes.
European life was relatively unchanged by the biological and cultural exchanges that took place after the European "discovery" of the New World.
Cattle, sheep, and sugar were three New World products that were introduced into Europe in the Columbian Exchange.
The French had friendlier relations with Native Americans than either the Spanish or the English.
Venereal syphilis was a disease first acquired by Spanish sailors in the New World, which later spread all over Europe.
The origins of Native Americans are east Asia, near present-day Siberia.
Which of the following does NOT describe the original human inhabitants of the Americas?
they followed the animals from Siberia across the frozen Bering Strait
they hunted big game, including megafauna like woolly mammoths, and may have play a role in their extinction
they maintained contact with their ancient relatives in Siberia
created Clovis points, a more sophisticated arrow point, in the Americas
Native American groups were all about the same, with little difference in lifestyle among them.
The two food items from the New World that had the most influence on the Old World were
Lima beans and maize
Maize, beans, and squash
Sugar and citrus
Maize and Potato
Avocados and chiles
The smallest and weakest of the colonial empires in the New World was initially the
Spanish
English
Portuguese
French
The Europeans who came to the New World were primarily EXPLORERS, looking only to gain knowledge about the world.
The Native American civilizations in the area that would later become the United States were elaborate civilizations, with monumental architecture like the Aztecs and Incas in Mexico and South America.
Which of the following is NOT TRUE about Columbus.
he understood that he could reach Asia by sailing west because the Earth was round
he was the first to realize the Earth was not flat
he utilized the stars for navigation
he used ships with lateen sails which allowed him to sail more effectively against the wind
he thought he had reach India, and died without knowing he had reached the New World
The Spanish found gold and silver in their colonies, and so did the English.
Pope's Revolt was
an uprising by Southwest Indians when the Spanish tried to prevent them from practicing all native religion
a war between Native Americans and the English colonists
the first encounter between the Spanish and Native Americans in California
the first slave uprising in the English New World colonies
the outcome of the conquest of the Aztecs in Mexico
Horses in North America
provided milk to both Native Americans and European colonists
had always lived on the Great Plains with the bison
came from horses brought by Cortez
were used throughout history by Native Americans in the buffalo hunt
The population in Europe had been lowered by the Black Death in the 1300s so that only about 90 million were living at the time of the conquest of the New World. Estimates place the population of Native Americans in the New World at
only about 250,000
over 100 million
between 60 and 90 million
less than 10 million
The Enlightenment was a philosophy that was prominent in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries that influenced the colonials in the New World. Which is NOT TRUE about the Enlightenment?
government should be for the benefit of the people
emphasized the power of human reason
belief in religion, not science, to explain the things around them
people had certain "inalienable" rights that could not be taken away
people were not born good or bad, more like a clean slate
Which best describes "Mercantilism"?
free trade, with no protections or trade restrictions like tariffs
colonies would grow economically at the expense of the "mother country"
buying as much as possible from other countries, and not making anything themselves
one nation could only grow at the expense of another, therefore they must keep a favorable balance of trade
King Henry VIII changed England from the Roman Catholic to the __________ form of Christianity due to his feud with the Pope over divorce.
Eastern Orthodox, like Russia
there were no changes of religion under Henry VIII
Animisn, like Native American religions
Protestant (Church of England)
The English government basically granted two charters to companies for land in what would become the United States. The Plymouth charter was in the north around Boston, while the ____________ was in the Chesapeake and the south.
East India Company
Hudson Bay Company
London Company
English Overseas Company
Virginia was named after
The Virgin of Guadalupe
the first English woman to step onto North American soil, who was a virgin
The Virgin Mary
Queen Elizabeth I, the Virgin Queen
To extract profits from the New World, the French and Dutch both concentrated on
finding gold and silver
farming corn, beans, and squash
buffalo hides
setting up textile mills
fur trapping
