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Identify the INCORRECT statement
. The formation of new oocytes stops before birth.
. Primordial ovarian follicles are characterized by a single layer of flattened follicular cells which surround the oocyte.
. Like sweat glands, mammary glands are simple tubular glands.
. Growth of the mammary gland is initiated by oestrogen and progesterone produced in the ovaries and placenta.
. The mammary gland is a merocrine and apocrine secretion.
Identify the CORRECT statement(3)
. Hormone production of the corpus luteum stops after the implantation of the embryo.
. The infundibulum of the oviduct passes through the wall of the uterus.
. "Tertiary follicle", "preovulatory follicle" and "Graafian follicle" are synonymous terms.
. A distinct zona pelucida separates the oocyte and follicular cells of primordial ovarian follicles.
. The secondary ovarian follicle contains no antrum.
Identify the CORRECT statement(4)
. The pyramid of Malpighi is in the renal cortex
. Stratified squamous epithelium lines the distal part of the male and female urethra.
. Transitional epithelium lining the tubules of the nephron allows the tubules to expand if large amounts of primary urine are formed.
. The incomplete basal lamina of the discontinuous glomerular capillaries facilitates the formation of the glomerular filtrate.
. The outer layer of renal capsule contains many myofibroblasts.
Identify the CORRECT statement
. Spermatocytes which leave the testis are structurally mature and motile.
. Spermatocytes are stored in the terminal part of the seminal vesicles.
. The Sertoli cells are located outside the seminiferous tubule.
. Differences in the height of the epithelium give the lumen of the ductuli efferentes an irregular outline.
. The rete testis is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
. The seminiferous epithelium consists of spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells.
. The prophase of primary spermatocytes is extremely prolonged.
. Processes of Sertoli cells form the blood-testis barrier.
. Testosterone produced by the male accessory reproductive glands (seminal vesicle and prostate) causes the development of the masculine extragenital sex characteristics.
. The epithelium of the tubuli recti is pseudostratified columnar.
. The functionalis of the endometrium of uterus and cervix is shed during menstruation.
. Complex mucosal folds give the lumen of the ampulla of the oviduct a very irregular outline.
. Collecting ducts are not permeable to water in the presence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Identify the INCORRECT statement(5)
. The macula densa is formed by a specialized section of the epithelium lining the distal tubule as it contacts the glomerulus and its afferent and efferent arterioles.
. The increase in the surface area of proximal tubule cells by numerous long microvilli facilitates the absorption of nutritionally valuable substances from the primary urine.
. An inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle are found in both the ureter and bladder.
. Renin is released by juxtaglomerular cells which surround the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus.
. The second meiotic division of secondary spermatocytes will give rise the spermatids
. After ovulation, thecal cells and granulosa cells form the corpus luteum.
. A distinct zona pelucida separates the oocyte and follicular cells of primordial follicles.
. A fluid filled hollow, the antrum, is a characteristic feature of primary follicles.
. The tubuli recti join the ductuli efferentes to the ductus epididymis.
. The ducts which form the rete testis connect the tubuli recti with the ductuli efferentes.
. By the first meiotic division B-spermatogonia give rise to primary spermatocytes.
. Each seminiferous tubule is about 30 to 80 cm long.
Identify the INCORRECT statement(6)
. Spermatids divide to give rise to spermatocytes.
. There are two vaginalis layers, parietal and visceral.
. Each testis contains about 500 to 1000 seminiferous tubules.
. The tunica albuginea is composed of dense fibrous connective tissue.
. Leydig cells are located outside the seminiferous tubule and they secrete testosterone.
Identify the CORRECT statement(7)
. The glomerular filtration barrier is formed by the cells of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule and the basal lamina of the glomerular capillaries.
. Juxtaglomerular cells surrounding the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus release angiotensin II to increase glomerular filtration.
. The parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule contains mesangial cells.
The epithelial layer of skin is:
. epidermis
. dermis
. lamina propria
. hypodermis
. mucosa
The fibrous connective tissue layer of skin is:
The loose, adipose connective tissue layer of skin is:
Which connective tissue layer lies closest to the epidermis:
. reticular layer of dermis
. papillary layer of dermis
. stratum corneum
The projections of dermis upward, indenting the bottom of the epidermis, are called:
. arrector pili muscle
. epidermal appendages
. Meissner's corpuscles
. dermal papillae
. sweat gland ducts
Which of the following layers lies nearest the outer surface of the epidermis?
. stratum basale or stratum germinativum.
. stratum spinosum or stratum Malpighii.
. stratum granulosum.
. stratum lucidum.
. stratum corneum.
Which of the following layers lies nearest the dermis?
The basement membrane lies between:
. stratum basale and stratum spinosum.
. stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum.
. stratum granulosum and stratum corneum.
. epidermis and dermis.
. papillary and reticular layers of dermis.
Which cell type is not normally found in the epidermis?
. keratinocytes (or "prickle cells").
. melanocytes.
. Langerhans cells.
. Merkel cells.
. fibroblasts.
Which of the following consists of stratified (two-layered) cuboidal epithelium?
. sebaceous gland.
. hair follicle.
. duct of sweat gland.
. secretory portion of sweat gland
. arrector pili muscle.
Which of the following is NOT an "epidermal appendage" (i.e., NOT comprised of epithelial tissue)?
. secretory portion of sweat gland.
Which of the following typically includes dead cells with pyknotic nuclei?
Which layer is exceptionally thick in so-called "thick skin" (i.e., palmar and plantar skin)?
. stratum basale of epidermis.
. dermis.
. hypodermis.
. stratum corneum of epidermis
. papillary dermis
Which structures are present in "thick skin" (i.e., palmar and plantar skin)?
. sebaceous glands.
. hair follicles.
. arrector pili.
. sweat glands.
. apocrine sweat glands.
The tissue composition of hair follicles is most similar to:
. epidermis.
. sweat gland.
. papillary layer of dermis.
. reticular layer of dermis.
Arrector pili muscle consist of:
. glandular epithelium.
. columnar epithelium.
. squamous epithelium.
. lymphocytes.
. smooth muscle.
The glands most closely associated with hair follicles are:
. eccrine sweat glands.
. mammary glands.
. lymphatic glands.
. submucosal glands.
The region of the kidney containing glomeruli is called the:
. cortex.
. medulla.
. calyx.
. pelvis.
. papillae.
The region of the kidney containing proximal convoluted tubules is called the:
The region of the kidney containing long loops of Henle is called the:
The region of the kidney containing distal convoluted tubules is called the:
. capsule.
. hilus.
The region of the kidney containing larger collecting ducts is called the:
. papilla.
Regions of cortical parenchyma located between medullary pyramids (pyramids of Malpighii) rather than adjacent to the surface of the kidney are called:
. medullary rays.
. renal lobules.
. columns of Bertin.
. calyces.
The capsule of the kidney consists of:
. transitional epithelium.
. dense fibrous connective tissue.
. loose cellular connective tissue with many lymphocytes.
. adipose connective tissue.
. endothelium.
The region of the kidney where artery, vein and ureter are attached is called the:
cortex.
The region of glomerulus (renal corpuscle) where the capillary tuft is attached is called the:
. mesangium.
. area cribosa.
. vascular pole.
. urinary (tubular) pole.
. juxtaglomerular apparatus.
The region of glomerulus (renal corpuscle) where the urinary space drains into the proximal convoluted tubule is called the:
The lumen of glomerular capillaries is lined by:
. mesangial cells.
. podocytes foot processes.
. juxtaglomerular cells.
. continuous endothelium.
. fenestrated endothelium.
Glomerular capillaries are supported on the outside (adjacent to the urinary space) by:
. podocyte foot processes.
. pericytes.
Smooth muscle cells of renal arterioles which are modified for endocrine secretion are called:
. podocytes.
The outer lining of Bowman's capsule (the parietal epithelilum) consists of a single layer of:
. squamous cells.
. cuboidal cells.
Filtration slits are located between adjacent:
. layers of the glomerular basement membrane.
. capillary fenestrations.
. capillary endothelial cells.
Podocytes are:
. simple squamous epithelial cells.
. simple cuboidal epithelial cells.
. simple columnar epithelial cells.
. unique epithelial cells with many interdigitating processes.
. not epithelial cells.
Mesangial cells are:
The normal thickness of the glomerular basement membrane (the GBM) is between:
. 30 and 35 nanometers.
. 0.3 and 0.35 micrometers.
. 3 and 3.5 micrometers.
. 30 and 35 micrometers.
. 300 and 350 micrometers.
The macula densa consists of:
. extraglomerular mesangial cells.
. closely-packed nuclei in the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubule.
. modified smooth muscle cells.
. closely-packed nuclei in the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule.
. densely packed collagen fibers in the juxtaglomerular interstitium .
Juxtaglomerular cells secrete:
. urea.
. antiduretic hormone.
. renin.
. angiotensinogen.
. aldosterone.
Arteries which form arches along the border between the cortex and the medulla of the kidney are called:
. interlobar arteries.
. interlobular arteries.
. arcuate arteries.
. afferent arteries.
. vasa recta.
Vessels which connect interlobular arteries with glomerular capillaries are called:
. afferent arterioles.
. efferent arterioles.
. peritubular capillaries.
Vessels which connect glomerular capillaries with peritubular capillaries are called:
Which segment of the nephron functions to filter fluid from blood into urinary space?
. glomerulus.
. proximal convoluted tubule.
. loop of Henle.
. distal convoluted tubule.
. collecting duct.
Which cells respond to aldosterone?
. epithelial cells of distal tubules.
. epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule.
Which cells repond to antiduretic hormone (ADH)?
. epithelial cells of collecting duct.
Which cells secrete a product which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin?
. epithelial cells of proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
Which epithelial cells of the urinary tract are specialized with an apical brush border of microvilli?
. Bowman's capsule epithelium.
. proximal convoluted tubule epithelium.
. epithelium lining the thin segment of the loop of Henle.
. distal convoluted tubule epithelium.
. collecting duct epithelium.
Which of the following epithelial cells of the urinary tract are simple squamous, without apparent structural specialization?
. glomerular epithelium (podocytes).
Interstitial cells within the renal glomerulus, whose functions are uncertain but may include phagocytosis and maintenance of the glomerular basement membrane, are the:
. macula densa.
Transitional epithelium lines all of the following EXCEPT the:
. renal pelvis.
. ureter.
. bladder.
. proximal urethra.
. Bowman's capsule.
. Long nephron contains large renal corpuscle
. Short nephron contains large renal corpuscle which is located near the medulla
. The lamina rara externa of the GBM is attaching to the podocyte
. The normal thickness the GBM is between 300 and 350 micrometers.
. The afferent arteriole will branch to capillaries of the glomerulus.
. Short nephron contains small renal corpuscle located near the renal capsule.
. The renal lobule contains many renal lobes.
. The lamina rara interna of the GBM is attaching to the podocyte.
. The protein albumin is normally filtrated in the glomerulus.
. The capillaries of the glomerulus are continuous type.
