APUSH Midterm Exam

Which of the following statements accurately describes Prince Henry the Navigator's role in encouraging Portuguese exploration?

Which statement concerning the West African empires prior to 1600 is true?

How did Puritans want to reform the Church of England?

Which of the following is not a legacy of the Reformation?

"When they were allowed to go home, they often found it deserted and no other recourse than to go out into the woods to find
food and to die. When they fell ill, which was very frequently because they are a delicate people unaccustomed to such work,
the Spaniards did not believe them and pitilessly called them lazy dogs, and kicked and beat them; and when illness was
apparent they sent them home as useless, giving them some cassava for the twenty-to eighty-league journey. They would go
then, failing into the first stream and dying there in desperation; others would hold on longer, but very few ever made it home.
I sometimes came upon dead bodies on my way, and upon others who were gasping and moaning in their death agony,
repeating "Hungry, hungry."
- Bartolome de las Casas, priest and social reformer, In Defense of the Indian, c. 1550
Which of the following best explains the underlying cause of the Spanish actions described in Las Casas?

When they were allowed to go home, they often found it deserted and no other recourse than to go out into the woods to find
food and to die. When they fell ill, which was very frequently because they are a delicate people unaccustomed to such work,
the Spaniards did not believe them and pitilessly called them lazy dogs, and kicked and beat them; and when illness was
apparent they sent them home as useless, giving them some cassava for the twenty-to eighty-league journey. They would go
then, failing into the first stream and dying there in desperation; others would hold on longer, but very few ever made it home.
I sometimes came upon dead bodies on my way, and upon others who were gasping and moaning in their death agony,
repeating "Hungry, hungry."
- Bartolome de las Casas, priest and social reformer, In Defense of the Indian, c. 1550
The primary audience that Las Casas hoped to influence by his writing was

When they were allowed to go home, they often found it deserted and no other recourse than to go out into the woods to find
food and to die. When they fell ill, which was very frequently because they are a delicate people unaccustomed to such work,
the Spaniards did not believe them and pitilessly called them lazy dogs, and kicked and beat them; and when illness was
apparent they sent them home as useless, giving them some cassava for the twenty-to eighty-league journey. They would go
then, failing into the first stream and dying there in desperation; others would hold on longer, but very few ever made it home.
I sometimes came upon dead bodies on my way, and upon others who were gasping and moaning in their death agony,
repeating "Hungry, hungry."
Which of the following factors that affected Native Americans is directly implied but not stated in this excerpt?

Which of the following problems could be seen in English society in the 15th and 16th centuries?

Which of the following does not correctly portray an aspect of the Columbian exchange?

Which of the following best explains why Massachusetts Bay Colony officials banished Anne Hutchinson?

How did the Renaissance encouraged exploration?

"Be it therefore ordered and enacted... That whatsoever person or persons within this Province shall henceforth blaspheme God, that is Curse him, or deny our Savior Jesus Christ to be the Son of God, or shall deny the holy Trinity... or the Godhead of any of the said Three persons of the Trinity or the Unity of the Godhead... shall be punished with death and confiscation or forfeiture of all his or her lands... And whereas... that no person or persons whatsoever within this province, or the islands, ports, harbors, creeks, or havens thereunto belonging professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be any way troubled, molested or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in free exercise thereof within this province or the islands thereunto belonging nor any way compelled to the belief or exercise of any other Religion against his or her consent."
- The Maryland Act of Toleration, 1649
Which of the following religious groups were the authors of the Maryland Act of Toleration trying to protect?

"Be it therefore ordered and enacted... That whatsoever person or persons within this Province shall henceforth blaspheme God, that is Curse him, or deny our Savior Jesus Christ to be the Son of God, or shall deny the holy Trinity... or the Godhead of any of the said Three persons of the Trinity or the Unity of the Godhead... shall be punished with death and confiscation or forfeiture of all his or her lands... And whereas... that no person or persons whatsoever within this province, or the islands, ports, harbors, creeks, or havens thereunto belonging professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be any way troubled, molested or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in free exercise thereof within this province or the islands thereunto belonging nor any way compelled to the belief or exercise of any other Religion against his or her consent."
- The Maryland Act of Toleration, 1649
Which of the following best summarizes the attitude toward religious beliefs expressed in this document?

Why did Charles I restore the Virginia Assembly in 1639?

What did Governor John Winthrop of Massachusetts Bay colony advocate?

Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in the New World, was founded by:

What happened to tobacco prices around 1660?

Which of the following reduced the Native American population in New England?

Which statement accurately describes the role of religion in the Chesapeake region in the 17th century?

Which of the following statements about Virginia was correct in the 17th century?

"These at the heads of the James and York rivers... grew impatient at the many slaughters of their neighbors and rose for own defense, who choosing Mr. Bacon for their leader, sent oftentimes to the Governor... beseeching a commission to go against the Indians at their own charge; which His Honor as often promised, but did not send...
"During these protractions and people often slain, most of all the officers, civil and military... met and concerted together, the danger of going without a commission on the one part and the continual murders of their neighbors on the other part... This day lapsing and no commission come , they marched into the wilderness in quest of these Indians, after whom the Governor sent his proclamation, denouncing all rebels who should not return within a limited day; whereupon those estates obeyed. But Mr. Bacon, with fifty-seven men, proceeded... They fired and... slew 150 Indians."
- Samuel Kercheval, Virginia author and lawyer, "On Bacon's Rebellion in VA," 1833

Based on the information in this excerpt, what is Samuel Kercheval's point of view toward Bacon and his followers

"These at the heads of the James and York rivers... grew impatient at the many slaughters of their neighbors and rose for own defense, who choosing Mr. Bacon for their leader, sent oftentimes to the Governor... beseeching a commission to go against the Indians at their own charge; which His Honor as often promised, but did not send...
"During these protractions and people often slain, most of all the officers, civil and military... met and concerted together, the danger of going without a commission on the one part and the continual murders of their neighbors on the other part... This day lapsing and no commission come , they marched into the wilderness in quest of these Indians, after whom the Governor sent his proclamation, denouncing all rebels who should not return within a limited day; whereupon those estates obeyed. But Mr. Bacon, with fifty-seven men, proceeded... They fired and... slew 150 Indians."
- Samuel Kercheval, Virginia author and lawyer, "On Bacon's Rebellion in VA," 1833

Bacon's Rebellion was initiated by a group of farmers who felt most directly threatened by

"These at the heads of the James and York rivers... grew impatient at the many slaughters of their neighbors and rose for own defense, who choosing Mr. Bacon for their leader, sent oftentimes to the Governor... beseeching a commission to go against the Indians at their own charge; which His Honor as often promised, but did not send...
"During these protractions and people often slain, most of all the officers, civil and military... met and concerted together, the danger of going without a commission on the one part and the continual murders of their neighbors on the other part... This day lapsing and no commission come , they marched into the wilderness in quest of these Indians, after whom the Governor sent his proclamation, denouncing all rebels who should not return within a limited day; whereupon those estates obeyed. But Mr. Bacon, with fifty-seven men, proceeded... They fired and... slew 150 Indians."
- Samuel Kercheval, Virginia author and lawyer, "On Bacon's Rebellion in VA," 1833

Which of the following led the opposition to Bacon's Rebellion?

Why was France able to hold on to tits vast North American domain against Spanish and English expansion during the 17th century?

Which of the following facts characterized life in the Chesapeake region in the early 17th century?

How did Bacon's Rebellion transform labor systems in Virginia?

"The province of Quivira is 950 leagues from Mexico. Where I reached it, it is in the fortieth degree [of latitude]... I have treated the natives of this province, and all the others whom I found wherever I went as well as possible, agreeably to what Your Majesty has commanded, and they have received no harm on any way from me or from those who went in my company. I remained twenty-five days in this province of Quivira, so as to see and explore the country and Your Majesty, because the guides who had brought me had given me an account of other provinces beyond this. And what I am sure of is that there is not any gold nor any other metal in all that country."
-Francisco Coronado, Spanish Conquistador, Travels in Quivira, c. 1542

Based upon Coronado's observations, which of the following best describes Spanish efforts in Mexico in the mid-16th century?

"The province of Quivira is 950 leagues from Mexico. Where I reached it, it is in the fortieth degree [of latitude]... I have treated the natives of this province, and all the others whom I found wherever I went as well as possible, agreeably to what Your Majesty has commanded, and they have received no harm on any way from me or from those who went in my company. I remained twenty-five days in this province of Quivira, so as to see and explore the country and Your Majesty, because the guides who had brought me had given me an account of other provinces beyond this. And what I am sure of is that there is not any gold nor any other metal in all that country."
-Francisco Coronado, Spanish Conquistador, Travels in Quivira, c. 1542

The activities of Coronado and other Spanish Portuguese explorers in the Americas in the 16th century primarily depended on the support of:

In which European settlement was fur trading with Native Americans (the Huron and other tribes) the primary economic activity?

The great majority of 16th century Europeans were:

The primary aim of the explorations of Balboa, Magellan, and Cartier was to find a water route through the Americas to reach Asia. They called this non-existent waterway the:

New Technology in the production of which commodity had the most to do with stimulating the African slave trade in the 1500s.

All of the following statements about English Puritans are correct, except

The first English colony to create a separation between Church and State, as well as promote religious tolerance was:

Due to the fact that 2nd and 3rd generation Puritans didn't want to testify about their conversion experience to obtain membership in the Church, the church leaders created this "loophole" to allow their children access to church membership. This "loophole" was called:

"As touching the quality of this country, three thinges there bee which in fewe years may bring this Colony to perfection; the English plough, Vineyards, and Cattle...All our riches for the present do consist in Tobacco wherein one man by his own labour hath in one year raised; to himself to the value of £200 sterling; and another by the means of six servants hath cleared at one crop a thousand pound [£] English. These be true, yet indeed rare examples, yet possible to be done by others. Our principal wealth (I should have said) consisteth in servants: But they are chargeable to be furnished with arms, apparel and bedding and for their transportation and casual [contingent expenses], both at sea, and for their first year commonly at land also: But if they escape, they prove very hardy, and sound able men."
- John Porty, Secretary of Virginia, Letter to Sir Dudley Carlton, 1619

What did Pory predict for the future of Virginia?

"As touching the quality of this country, three thinges there bee which in fewe years may bring this Colony to perfection; the English plough, Vineyards, and Cattle...All our riches for the present do consist in Tobacco wherein one man by his own labour hath in one year raised; to himself to the value of £200 sterling; and another by the means of six servants hath cleared at one crop a thousand pound [£] English. These be true, yet indeed rare examples, yet possible to be done by others. Our principal wealth (I should have said) consisteth in servants: But they are chargeable to be furnished with arms, apparel and bedding and for their transportation and casual [contingent expenses], both at sea, and for their first year commonly at land also: But if they escape, they prove very hardy, and sound able men."
- John Porty, Secretary of Virginia, Letter to Sir Dudley Carlton, 1619

Which of the following groups made up most of the servants referred to in the passage?

Until the mid-1700s, England paid little attention to its North American colonies because:

The goal of the British Navigation Acts was to help

Which of the following was a significant result of England's Glorious Revolution of 1688?

What happened as a result of the Stono Rebellion?

Which statement does not accurately describe George Whitefield?

What was mercantilism?

"To understand political power... we must consider what estate all men are naturally in, and that it is a state of perfect freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possessions... within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man...
Whosoever therefore out of a state of nature unite into community must be understood to give up all the power necessary to the ends for which they unite into society, to the majority of the community... And this is done by barely agreeing to unite into one political society.. And thus that which begins and actually constitutes any political society is nothing but the consent of any number of freeman capable of a majority to unite... And this is that.. which did or could give beginning to any lawful government in the world."
-John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 1960

Which of the following did Locke see as the original limit on human freedom?

"To understand political power... we must consider what estate all men are naturally in, and that it is a state of perfect freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possessions... within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man...
Whosoever therefore out of a state of nature unite into community must be understood to give up all the power necessary to the ends for which they unite into society, to the majority of the community... And this is done by barely agreeing to unite into one political society.. And thus that which begins and actually constitutes any political society is nothing but the consent of any number of freeman capable of a majority to unite... And this is that.. which did or could give beginning to any lawful government in the world."
-John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 1960

Locke believed that political society was based on

"To understand political power... we must consider what estate all men are naturally in, and that it is a state of perfect freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possessions... within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man...
Whosoever therefore out of a state of nature unite into community must be understood to give up all the power necessary to the ends for which they unite into society, to the majority of the community... And this is done by barely agreeing to unite into one political society.. And thus that which begins and actually constitutes any political society is nothing but the consent of any number of freeman capable of a majority to unite... And this is that.. which did or could give beginning to any lawful government in the world."
-John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 1960

Which of the following groups in the colonies in the late 17th century would be most critical of Locke's ideas?

What did the Navigation Acts do?

To which branch of the government did the colonial gentry turn to defend their own interests?

"For a nation thus abused to arise unanimously and to resist their prince, even to dethroning him, is not criminal but a reasonable way of vindicating their liberties and just rights; it is making use of the means, and the only means, which God has out into their power for mutual and self-defense...
To conclude, let us all learn to be free and to be loyal... But let us remember... government is sacred and not to be trifled with. It is our happiness to live under the government of a prince who is satisfied with ruling according to law... Let us prize our freedom but not use our liberty for a cloak of maliciousness. There are men who strike at liberty under the term licentiousness. There are others who aim at a popularity under the disguise of patriotism. Be aware of both. Extremes are dangerous."
-Jonathon Mayhew, church minister, "On Unlimited Submission to Rulers" 1750

According to Mayhew, the power of the people to oppose the government comes from:

"For a nation thus abused to arise unanimously and to resist their prince, even to dethroning him, is not criminal but a reasonable way of vindicating their liberties and just rights; it is making use of the means, and the only means, which God has out into their power for mutual and self-defense...
To conclude, let us all learn to be free and to be loyal... But let us remember... government is sacred and not to be trifled with. It is our happiness to live under the government of a prince who is satisfied with ruling according to law... Let us prize our freedom but not use our liberty for a cloak of maliciousness. There are men who strike at liberty under the term licentiousness. There are others who aim at a popularity under the disguise of patriotism. Be aware of both. Extremes are dangerous."
-Jonathon Mayhew, church minister, "On Unlimited Submission to Rulers" 1750

Which of the following must be maintained by the people, according to Mayhew?

"For a nation thus abused to arise unanimously and to resist their prince, even to dethroning him, is not criminal but a reasonable way of vindicating their liberties and just rights; it is making use of the means, and the only means, which God has out into their power for mutual and self-defense...
To conclude, let us all learn to be free and to be loyal... But let us remember... government is sacred and not to be trifled with. It is our happiness to live under the government of a prince who is satisfied with ruling according to law... Let us prize our freedom but not use our liberty for a cloak of maliciousness. There are men who strike at liberty under the term licentiousness. There are others who aim at a popularity under the disguise of patriotism. Be aware of both. Extremes are dangerous."
-Jonathon Mayhew, church minister, "On Unlimited Submission to Rulers" 1750

Mayhew considers the greatest threat to liberty is:

"For a nation thus abused to arise unanimously and to resist their prince, even to dethroning him, is not criminal but a reasonable way of vindicating their liberties and just rights; it is making use of the means, and the only means, which God has out into their power for mutual and self-defense...
To conclude, let us all learn to be free and to be loyal... But let us remember... government is sacred and not to be trifled with. It is our happiness to live under the government of a prince who is satisfied with ruling according to law... Let us prize our freedom but not use our liberty for a cloak of maliciousness. There are men who strike at liberty under the term licentiousness. There are others who aim at a popularity under the disguise of patriotism. Be aware of both. Extremes are dangerous."
-Jonathon Mayhew, church minister, "On Unlimited Submission to Rulers" 1750

What was the context in which Mayhew was writing?

What did the Proclamation of 1763 and the Quebec Act of 1774 have in common?

Why is Sam Adams significant to the development of revolutionary thought?

How did the colonists attempt to reconcile with England in 1775?

How did William Pitt plan to encourage the Americans to assume the military burden in the Seven Years'/ French and Indian War in North America?

How did a writ of assistance work?

Which of the following statements represents the conception most American colonists held of parliamentary power in the 1760s?

What was the purpose of the 1764 Sugar Act?

How did Americans oppose the Stamp Act?

How did the British government react to the colonial opposition to the Stamp Act?

What was the principle of virtual representation?

" We apprehend that a freeman and English subjects, we have indisputable title to the same privileges and immunities with His Majesty's other subjects to reside in the interior counties... and therefore ought not to be excluded from an equal share with them in the very important privilege of legislation... We cannot but observe with sorrow and indignation that some persons in this province are at pains to extenuate the barbarous cruelties practiced by these savages and our murdered brethren and relatives... by means the Indians have been thought to despise us as a weak and disunited people, and from the fatal source have arisen many of our calamities... We humbly pray therefore that this grievance may be redressed."
The Paxton Boys, to the Pennsylvania Assembly, " A Remonstrance of Distressed and Bleeding Frontier Inhabitants" 1764

The basic concern voiced in the above excerpt is switch the conduct of which of the following?

" We apprehend that a freeman and English subjects, we have indisputable title to the same privileges and immunities with His Majesty's other subjects to reside in the interior counties... and therefore ought not to be excluded from an equal share with them in the very important privilege of legislation... We cannot but observe with sorrow and indignation that some persons in this province are at pains to extenuate the barbarous cruelties practiced by these savages and our murdered brethren and relatives... by means the Indians have been thought to despise us as a weak and disunited people, and from the fatal source have arisen many of our calamities... We humbly pray therefore that this grievance may be redressed."
The Paxton Boys, to the Pennsylvania Assembly, " A Remonstrance of Distressed and Bleeding Frontier Inhabitants" 1764

The concern expressed in the excerpt helps explain why the British passed (?)

" We apprehend that a freeman and English subjects, we have indisputable title to the same privileges and immunities with His Majesty's other subjects to reside in the interior counties... and therefore ought not to be excluded from an equal share with them in the very important privilege of legislation... We cannot but observe with sorrow and indignation that some persons in this province are at pains to extenuate the barbarous cruelties practiced by these savages and our murdered brethren and relatives... by means the Indians have been thought to despise us as a weak and disunited people, and from the fatal source have arisen many of our calamities... We humbly pray therefore that this grievance may be redressed."
The Paxton Boys, to the Pennsylvania Assembly, " A Remonstrance of Distressed and Bleeding Frontier Inhabitants" 1764

Which of the following leaders from an earlier period represented a group in a similar situation as cited in this except?

What agreement did the delegates of the Stamp Act Congress reach?

Which of the following occurred last?

" It is inseparably essential to the freedom of a People, and the undoubted Right of Englishmen, that no taxes be imposed on them, but with their own consent, given personally, or by representatives... That it is he indispensable duty of these colonies, to the best of sovereigns... to procure the repeal of the act for granting and applying certain stamp duties, of all clauses of any other acts of Parliament... for the restriction of American commerce".
Resolution of the Stamp Act Congress, 1765

The resolution of the Stamp Act congress expressed respect for which person or group?

" It is inseparably essential to the freedom of a People, and the undoubted Right of Englishmen, that no taxes be imposed on them, but with their own consent, given personally, or by representatives... That it is he indispensable duty of these colonies, to the best of sovereigns... to procure the repeal of the act for granting and applying certain stamp duties, of all clauses of any other acts of Parliament... for the restriction of American commerce".
Resolution of the Stamp Act Congress, 1765

For the first time, the Stamp Act placed on the colonies a tax that was (?)

" It is inseparably essential to the freedom of a People, and the undoubted Right of Englishmen, that no taxes be imposed on them, but with their own consent, given personally, or by representatives... That it is he indispensable duty of these colonies, to the best of sovereigns... to procure the repeal of the act for granting and applying certain stamp duties, of all clauses of any other acts of Parliament... for the restriction of American commerce".
Resolution of the Stamp Act Congress, 1765

Which of the following was a direct British response to the colonial views expressed by the Stamp Act congress?

Events in the late 1760's and early 1770s helped to bring about a new consensus in he colonies. What was it?

In the Declaration of Independence, where did Thomas Jefferson place he blame for the problems between the colonies and Great Britain?

" The unhappy dispute between Great Britain and her American Colonies... have preceded to lengths so dangerous and alarming as to excite just apprehensions in the minds of His Majesty's faithful subjects of the colonies... It cannot admit of a doubt but that British subjects in America are entitled to the same right and privileges as their fellow subjects posses in Britain and therefore that the power assumed by the British parliament to bind America by their statutes in all cases whatsoever is unconstitutional and the source of these unhappy differences... To obtain a redress of these grievances without which the people of America can neither be safe free, nor happy they are willing to undergo the great inconvenience that will be derived to them from stopping all imports whatsoever from Great Britain
Instructions to the Virginia Delegates to the first continental congress, Williams-burg 1774

To change the British policy, the colonist felt that the most effective way was to?

" The unhappy dispute between Great Britain and her American Colonies... have preceded to lengths so dangerous and alarming as to excite just apprehensions in the minds of His Majesty's faithful subjects of the colonies... It cannot admit of a doubt but that British subjects in America are entitled to the same right and privileges as their fellow subjects posses in Britain and therefore that the power assumed by the British parliament to bind America by their statutes in all cases whatsoever is unconstitutional and the source of these unhappy differences... To obtain a redress of these grievances without which the people of America can neither be safe free, nor happy they are willing to undergo the great inconvenience that will be derived to them from stopping all imports whatsoever from Great Britain
Instructions to the Virginia Delegates to the first continental congress, Williams-burg 1774

Which of the following is the underlying goal of the colonists in the excerpt?

What generally happened when the British evacuated areas they had previously occupied such as New Jersey, Georgia, or the Carolinas?

How were blacks accounted for in the Three Fifths compromise?

Which of the following conditions was NOT true of the state constitutions adopted during the Revolution?

Which of the following is true of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

What is the name of the relationship that the constitution established between the national and state governments?

Which of the following most accurately describes the situation of Native Americans in the 1770s and 1780s?

Who took the lead in establishing the Washington administration's domestic policies?

Which of the following did the Bill of Rights NOT do?

What did George Washington argue in his farewell address?

Why are the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions so significant to American History?

"It is not denied, that there are implied, as well as express powers, and that the former are as effectually delegated as the latter.
It is conceded, that implied powers are to be considered as delegated equally with express ones.
"Then it follows, that as a power of erecting a corporation may as well be implied as any other thing; it may as well be employed as an instrument or means of carrying into execution any of the specified powers...But one may be erected in relation to the collection of taxes, or to the trade with foreign countries, or to the trade between the States...because it is the province of the federal government to regulate those objects and because it is incident to a general sovereign or legislative power to regulate a thing, to employ all the means which relate to its regulation to the best and greatest advantage."
-Alexander Hamilton, Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States, 1791

Hamilton's constitutional argument was based on which of the following types of powers?

"It is not denied, that there are implied, as well as express powers, and that the former are as effectually delegated as the latter.
It is conceded, that implied powers are to be considered as delegated equally with express ones.
"Then it follows, that as a power of erecting a corporation may as well be implied as any other thing; it may as well be employed as an instrument or means of carrying into execution any of the specified powers...But one may be erected in relation to the collection of taxes, or to the trade with foreign countries, or to the trade between the States...because it is the province of the federal government to regulate those objects and because it is incident to a general sovereign or legislative power to regulate a thing, to employ all the means which relate to its regulation to the best and greatest advantage."
-Alexander Hamilton, Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States, 1791

Which of the following benefited most directly from the bank that Hamilton strongly supported?

"It is not denied, that there are implied, as well as express powers, and that the former are as effectually delegated as the latter.
It is conceded, that implied powers are to be considered as delegated equally with express ones.
"Then it follows, that as a power of erecting a corporation may as well be implied as any other thing; it may as well be employed as an instrument or means of carrying into execution any of the specified powers...But one may be erected in relation to the collection of taxes, or to the trade with foreign countries, or to the trade between the States...because it is the province of the federal government to regulate those objects and because it is incident to a general sovereign or legislative power to regulate a thing, to employ all the means which relate to its regulation to the best and greatest advantage."
-Alexander Hamilton, Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States, 1791

Who of the following would be most critical of Hamilton's position on the bank?

The Whiskey Rebellion demonstrated that

Which of the following accurately describes American opinion regarding the Anglo-French struggle after the French Revolution?

What basic belief did Hamilton's domestic program reflect?

Why did southern states vote for Hamilton's plan to assume state debts?

Which issue led to the development of political coalitions during Washington's first term?

How did the United States government respond to France's declaration of war on Britain in 1793?

Which of the following was one of the accomplishments of Jay's Treaty?

What was the central charge that Republicans aimed at Federalists during the late 1790s?

What was the XYZ Affair?

"Friends and Fellow Citizens: I should now apprise you of the resolution I have formed to decline being considered among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be made...
"I have already intimated to you the danger of parties... with particular reference to... geographical discriminations...
"Let it simply be asked- where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths...
"As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public credit... avoiding likewise the accumulation of debt... which unavoidable wars may have occasioned... in mind that toward the payment of debt there must be..taxes...
"By interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, [we] entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or caprice... If our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world."
-George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796

One of the strong reasons Washington and others warned against political parties was a concern about...

"Friends and Fellow Citizens: I should now apprise you of the resolution I have formed to decline being considered among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be made...
"I have already intimated to you the danger of parties... with particular reference to... geographical discriminations...
"Let it simply be asked- where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths...
"As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public credit... avoiding likewise the accumulation of debt... which unavoidable wars may have occasioned... in mind that toward the payment of debt there must be..taxes...
"By interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, [we] entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or caprice... If our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world."
-George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796

Which of the following did Washington believe was very important for the United States to avoid?

Why did Thomas Jefferson favor the sovereignty of state government over the federal government?

The purpose of the Adams-Onis (Transcontinental) Treaty was to settle border disputes between the United States and...

How did President Jefferson plan to reverse what he perceived to be a drift toward despotism that had occurred in the 1790s?

The 1823 Monroe Doctrine argued that European Countries

"Resolved, That the several States composing, the United States of America, are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their general government; but that, by a compact under the style and title of a Constitution for the United States, and of amendments thereto, they constituted a general government for special purposes — delegated to that government certain definite powers, reserving, each State to itself, the residuary mass of right to their own self-government; and that whensoever the general government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force...
"That this would be to surrender the form of government we have chosen, and live under one deriving its powers from its own will, and not from our authority; and that the co-States, recurring to their natural right in cases not made federal, will concur in declaring these acts void, and of no force."
-Thomas Jefferson (anonymously), Kentucky Resolutions, November 16th, 1798

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions were issued in reaction to the:

"Resolved, That the several States composing, the United States of America, are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their general government; but that, by a compact under the style and title of a Constitution for the United States, and of amendments thereto, they constituted a general government for special purposes — delegated to that government certain definite powers, reserving, each State to itself, the residuary mass of right to their own self-government; and that whensoever the general government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force...
"That this would be to surrender the form of government we have chosen, and live under one deriving its powers from its own will, and not from our authority; and that the co-States, recurring to their natural right in cases not made federal, will concur in declaring these acts void, and of no force."
-Thomas Jefferson (anonymously), Kentucky Resolutions, November 16th, 1798

According to the passage, the final decision on whether a federal law or action was legal should be made by:

"Resolved, That the several States composing, the United States of America, are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their general government; but that, by a compact under the style and title of a Constitution for the United States, and of amendments thereto, they constituted a general government for special purposes — delegated to that government certain definite powers, reserving, each State to itself, the residuary mass of right to their own self-government; and that whensoever the general government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force...
"That this would be to surrender the form of government we have chosen, and live under one deriving its powers from its own will, and not from our authority; and that the co-States, recurring to their natural right in cases not made federal, will concur in declaring these acts void, and of no force."
-Thomas Jefferson (anonymously), Kentucky Resolutions, November 16th, 1798

Which individual or group among the following would be the strongest supporter of the Kentucky Resolution?

"I am ready to allow, Mr. President, that both Great Britain and France have given us abundant cause for war... My plan would be, and my first wish is, to prepare for it to put the country in complete armor- in the attitude imperiously demanded in a crisis of war, and to which it must be brought before any war can be effective... I must call on every member of this Senate to pause before he leaps into or crosses the Rubicon- declaring war is passing the Rubicon in reality."
- Senator Obadian German of New York, speech in the Senate, June 1812

Based on the tone of the excerpt, which of the statements below best expresses German's position on declaring war in June of 1812?

"I am ready to allow, Mr. President, that both Great Britain and France have given us abundant cause for war... My plan would be, and my first wish is, to prepare for it= to put the country in complete armor- in the attitude imperiously demanded in a crisis of war, and to which it must be brought before any war can be effective... I must call on every member of this Senate to pause before he leaps into or crosses the Rubicon- declaring war is passing the Rubicon in reality."
- Senator Obadian German of New York, speech in the Senate, June 1812

Who of the following would be most likely to agree with German's position on the war?

"I am ready to allow, Mr. President, that both Great Britain and France have given us abundant cause for war... My plan would be, and my first wish is, to prepare for it= to put the country in complete armor- in the attitude imperiously demanded in a crisis of war, and to which it must be brought before any war can be effective... I must call on every member of this Senate to pause before he leaps into or crosses the Rubicon- declaring war is passing the Rubicon in reality."
- Senator Obadian German of New York, speech in the Senate, June 1812

Which of the following is the best support for German's claim that the United States had "abundant cause for war"?

"All, too, will bear in mind this sacred principle, that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be rightful must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to violate would be oppression.
"We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it...
" Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious or political; peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none."
-Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, 1801

According to Jefferson's address, which of the following should be relied on to protect equal rights for all people?

"All, too, will bear in mind this sacred principle, that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be rightful must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to violate would be oppression.
"We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it...
" Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious or political; peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none."
-Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, 1801

Which person would most strongly disagree with Jefferson's statement "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists"?

"All, too, will bear in mind this sacred principle, that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be rightful must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to violate would be oppression.
"We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it...
" Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious or political; peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none."
-Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, 1801

Jefferson's call to avoid entangling is similar to the advice of:

What was the direction of the population movement that took place between 1790 and 1840?

The purpose of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 was to

In Worcester v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee nation:

What impact did the Erie Canal have on New York City?

What did the antebellum criticism of lawyers, physicians, ministers, and other professionals indicate about America?

What was the dispute in the 1830s nullification crisis?

"We, the journeyman mechanics of the city and county of Philadelphia... are serious of forming an association which shall avert as much as possible those evils which poverty and incessant toil have already inflicted...
"If the masses of the people were enabled by their labor to procure for themselves and families a full and abundant supply of comforts and conveniences of life, the consumption... would amount to at least twice the quantity it does at present, and of course the demand, by which alone employers are enabled either to subsist or accumulate, would likewise be increased in an equal proportion.
"The real object, therefore, of this association is to avert, if possible, the desolating evil which must inevitably arise from a depreciation of the intrinsic value of human labor; to raise the mechanical and productive classes to that condition of true independence and equality."
-Philadelphia Mechanics' Union of Trade Associations, 1828

One of the primary reasons to form a union during this period was to:

"We, the journeyman mechanics of the city and county of Philadelphia... are serious of forming an association which shall avert as much as possible those evils which poverty and incessant toil have already inflicted...
"If the masses of the people were enabled by their labor to procure for themselves and families a full and abundant supply of comforts and conveniences of life, the consumption... would amount to at least twice the quantity it does at present, and of course the demand, by which alone employers are enabled either to subsist or accumulate, would likewise be increased in an equal proportion.
"The real object, therefore, of this association is to avert, if possible, the desolating evil which must inevitably arise from a depreciation of the intrinsic value of human labor; to raise the mechanical and productive classes to that condition of true independence and equality."
-Philadelphia Mechanics' Union of Trade Associations, 1828

Workers in the 1820s faced difficulty because of problems with

"We, the journeyman mechanics of the city and county of Philadelphia... are serious of forming an association which shall avert as much as possible those evils which poverty and incessant toil have already inflicted...
"If the masses of the people were enabled by their labor to procure for themselves and families a full and abundant supply of comforts and conveniences of life, the consumption... would amount to at least twice the quantity it does at present, and of course the demand, by which alone employers are enabled either to subsist or accumulate, would likewise be increased in an equal proportion.
"The real object, therefore, of this association is to avert, if possible, the desolating evil which must inevitably arise from a depreciation of the intrinsic value of human labor; to raise the mechanical and productive classes to that condition of true independence and equality."
-Philadelphia Mechanics' Union of Trade Associations, 1828

As described in this excerpt, which of the following would be a benefit to business owners from having a union?

What was Horace Mann's primary concern in the reform movements of the first half of the 19th century?

Why was the South Carolina Exposition and Protest written?

What did the tariff controversy of the early 1830s reveal?

"At home people are the sovereign power... the industrial classes are the true sovereigns. Idleness is a condition so unrecognized and unrespected with us that the few professing it find themselves immediately thrown out of the great machine of active life which constitutes American society.
"The CULTIVATORS OF THE SOIL constitute the great industrial class in this country... for, at this moment, they do not only feed all other classes but also no insignificant portion of needy Europe, furnish the raw materials for manufacturers, and raise the great staples which figure so largely in the accounts of the merchants, the shipowner and manufacturer, in every village, town and seaport in the Union...
"The system of railroads and cheap transportation already begins to supply the seaboard cities with some fair and beautiful fruits of the fertile West."
-A.J. Downing, landscape architect, "In Praise of Farming", 1848

The crop that best fits Downing's description as one of "the great staples" in the mid-19th century America was...

"At home people are the sovereign power... the industrial classes are the true sovereigns. Idleness is a condition so unrecognized and unrespected with us that the few professing it find themselves immediately thrown out of the great machine of active life which constitutes American society.
"The CULTIVATORS OF THE SOIL constitute the great industrial class in this country... for, at this moment, they do not only feed all other classes but also no insignificant portion of needy Europe, furnish the raw materials for manufacturers, and raise the great staples which figure so largely in the accounts of the merchants, the shipowner and manufacturer, in every village, town and seaport in the Union...
"The system of railroads and cheap transportation already begins to supply the seaboard cities with some fair and beautiful fruits of the fertile West."
-A.J. Downing, landscape architect, "In Praise of Farming", 1848

Commercial farming expanded rapidly in the Old Northwest by mid-century primarily because of:

What was one of the reason's Andrew Jackson vetoed the rechartering of the Bank of the United States?