Reduced gastric tone begins in which vomiting phase?
nausea
retching
vomiting
Which contains the vomiting centre of the brain?
medulla oblongata
diencephalon
cerebrum
pons
Anticholinergics target which receptors?
Vestibular
Peripheral
Vomiting centre
CRTZ
Which drug(s) specifically target(s) receptors in the vomiting centre?
antihistamines
phenothiazines
NK1 antagonists
anticholinergics
metclopramide
Which of the following would add weight to a diagnosis of a primary GI disease?
hypoalbuminaemia
hyperlipemia
hemolysis
polycythemia
The rumen's pH should ideally be
slightly acidic (6.2-7)
completely neutral (7)
slightly basic (7-8.2)
highly acidic (3-4)
Which VFA is key in synthesizing milk fat?
acetate
propionate
butyrate
Which VFA(s) dominate(s) at a lower ruminal pH?
A cow is brought into a clinic. It is lame, very uncoordinated, has a distended abdomen and shows no response to any visual stimulation. This cow is likely suffering from
LDA
RDA
Acute Rumen Acidosis
Hardware Disease
Frothy Bloat
Gaseous Bloat
Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical sign of SARA?
increased ketone levels
low milk fat yield
liver abscesses
epistaxis
laminitis
Cattle that live on rich lush pastures are in danger of developing
SARA
Acute Ruminal Acidosis
Which of the following is the best way to treat frothy bloat?
stomach tube
rumen puncture
antifoaming agent
rumenotomy
A cow in lateral recumbency can result in
frothy bloat
gaseous bloat
acute ruminal acidosis
hardware disease
The Eric Williams Test is used in diagnosing
A positive result for the Eric Williams Test involves
pain just before the start of the rumen cycle
pain just before the reticulum-rumen cycle
pain after the rumen cycle
Increased ketone levels in a cow's blood or urine is indicative of
Milk fever can result in
Gaseous bloat
Frothy bloat
Hardware DIsease
How would you ideally treat a dog prior to an enterotomy if it is presenting with acute vomiting?
IV K+
IV fluids
iron supplementation
broad-spectrum antibiotics
What is the strongest layer of the intestinal wall?
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
How many phases are there for intestinal wound healing?
2
3
4
5
Around what time is the greatest risk of wound breakdown?
Between days 3-5
Between days 1-3
From days 5-7
Overlap of which two phases has the greatest risk of wound breakdown?
haemostasis and inflammation
inflammation and proliferation
proliferation and remodelling
haemostasis and proliferation
haemostasis and remodelling
Wound breakdown is more likely after surgery in the
stomach
duodenum
ilium
colon
Which type of suture material should you use for repair of GI wounds?
multifilament monocryl
monofilament monocryl
multifilament PDS II
monofilament PDS II
Which of the following does NOT result in full thickness appositional healing of the intestinal wall?
simple interrupted
simple continuous
staples
Which instrument is depicted in the picture?
Gossett retractors
Balfour retractors
Atraumatic bowel clamps
Metzenbaum scissors
In gastrotomy repair, you repair the stomach in how many layers?
1
The lembert suture is key in preventing leakage in which intestinal wall layers of which GI surgery?
mucosa repair; gastrotomy
serosa and muscularis repair; gastrotomy
mucosa repair; enterotomy
serosa and muscularis repair; enterotomy
Biopsies from which part of the SI is most likely to result in a a diagnosis?
Ilium
Jejunum
Ascending duodenum
There is no difference
Descending duodenum
Which part of the pancreas is MOST ideal for a biopsy?
left limb
edge of right limb
center of right limb
When suturing at the end of an enterotomy, the correct order is
1st suture in the mesenteric border > 2nd suture in anti-mesenteric border > repair defect in mesentery
1st suture in the anti-mesenteric border > 2nd suture in mesenteric border > repair defect in mesentery
repair defect in mesentery > 1st suture in the mesenteric border > 2nd suture in anti-mesenteric border
repair defect in mesentery > 1st suture in the anti-mesenteric border > 2nd suture in mesenteric border
At the end of an enterotomy, a serosal patch
should always be done
should only be done if you're more worried about wound breakdown
should never be done
should only be done in emergencies
Intussusception refers to
the invagination of the intussusceptum into the intussuscipiens
the invagination of the intussuscipiens into the intussusceptum