❌ = Proliferation of abnormal progenitors with a block in differentiation/maturation ❌ = Proliferation of abnormal progenitors without a block in differentiation/maturation
Type of mutation: ❌ = a mutation that gives a selective advantage to a clone in its microenvironment, through either increasing its survival or reproduction. Driver mutations tend to cause monoclonal expansions. ❌ = a mutation that has no effect on the fitness of a clone but may be associated with a clonal expansion because it occurs in the same genome with a driver mutation. This is known as a hitchhiker in evolutionary biology.
Normal haemopoiesis is polyclonal monoclonal( polyclonal, monoclonal ), whereas malignant haemopoiesis is usually monoclonal polyclonal( monoclonal, polyclonal ) (due to driver passenger( driver, passenger ) mutations)
Types of Haem Malignancies: Blood involvement = ❌ Lymph node involvement = ❌
Which haematological malignancy is odd in that it can involve both blood and lymph nodes?
Acute leukaemias are more less( more, less ) aggressive than Chronic leukaemias
Acute leukaemias Chronic leukaemias( Acute leukaemias, Chronic leukaemias ) present with failure of the bone marrow Chronic leukaemias Acute leukaemias( Chronic leukaemias, Acute leukaemias ) do not present with failure of the bone marrow
A malignancy of the Plasma Cells is known as a
The malignant cell in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia is the ❌
Acute Leukaemia is defined as an excess of blasts in either the peripheral blood or the bone marrow. What constitutes 'an excess of blasts'
Raise in blast count by more than 10%
Raise in blast count by more than 15%
Raise in blast count by more than 20%
Raise in blast count by more than 25%
Which type of leukaemia is the most common childhood cancer?
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia is a malignant disease of which cells?
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia is more common in the elderly population
The presence of Auer Rods on blood film indicates which malignant disease?
Bone marrow sampling should be conducted in those whose blood film indicates acute leukaemia. Which of the following should be conducted on the tissue collected from this biopsy?
Cell Morphology
Immunophenotyping by Flow Cytometry
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
Which of the following investigations provides a definitive diagnosis of either AML or ALL?
Cytochemistry
Morphology
Blood Film
Coagulation Screen
Treatment of Acute Leukaemias: ❌ = Different phases of treatment of varying intensity, can last up to 2-3 years to clear malignancy. ❌ = Intensive therapy; 2-4 cycles of chemotherapy , each consisting of 5-10 days of chemo followed by 2-4 weeks of recovery)
One of the main problems with bone marrow suppression by chemotherapy is a deficiency in which type of cell, make the individual more liable to infection?
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Basophil
Natural Killer Cell
Monocyte
A patient currently receiving Chemotherapy treatment for Acute Myeloid Leukaemia develops a chest infection. You are worried he may be becoming septic. The causative organism of this infection is likely to be gram negative positive( negative, positive ) in nature
Patients with Acute Leukaemia tend to present with diffuse purpura, due to an induced thrombocytopenia neutrophilia neutropenia thrombocytophilia( thrombocytopenia, neutrophilia, neutropenia, thrombocytophilia )
The purpura seen in acute leukaemia patients occurs due to a defect in primary secondary( primary, secondary ) haemostasis
A patient with a neutropenic fever has been given gram negative covering antibiotics which they have not responded to. If the causative organism is not bacterial in nature, it is most likely to be fungal viral protozoal( fungal, viral, protozoal ).
One of the main genetic defects associated with Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia is what is known as the chromosome
Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia: Protein = ❌ Translocation = ❌
Burkitt's Lymphoma: Protein = ❌ Translocation = ❌
Follicular Lymphoma: Protein = ❌ Translocation = ❌
The most common type of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma is a Lymphoma
What is the FIRST LINE treatment of a CML causing exceptionally high white cells and platelets?
Aspirin
Imatinib
Leukapheresis
Heparin
Hydroxyurea
Along with anaemia and hypercalcaemia, Multiple Myeloma patients typically have a raised normal( raised, normal ) ESR
