Which of the following is NOT a reason for heart failure occurring?
Pump failure
Volume Overload
Pressure Overload
Arrhythmias
Diastolic Heart Failure
Hypertrophy
Coronary vascular disease can be attributed to which main cause of heart failure?
Arrhythmia
Diastolic Failure
Which of the following cardiovascular diseases primarily result in volume overload?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Hypertension
Pericardial Effusion
Mitral insufficiency can result in which main cause of heart failure?
Pulmonic and aortic stenosis can lead to which main cause of heart failure?
Pump Failure
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and pericardial effusion can result in which main cause of heart failure
Diastolic failure
Which of the following diseases results in BOTH diastolic failure and pump failure?
Pericardial effusion
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Coronary vascular disease
Chronic Anaemia
Which of the following adaptive responses works to decrease the volume in circulation?
Angiontensin II
ADH
Natriuretic peptides
Aldosterone
A drop in cardiac output results in a
a decrease in parasympathetic activity and an increase in sympathetic activity
an increase in parasympathetic activity and a decrease in sympathetic activity
a decrease in both parasympathetic activity and sympathetic activity
an increase in both parasympathetic activity and sympathetic activity
Which of the following is NOT a trait of norepinephrine?
positive chronotrope
positive inotrope
vasoconstriction
negative luisitrope
The release of which of the following will increase circulating fluid volume WITHOUT increasing the sodium concentration?
Increased levels of which of the following is seen as major a "biomarker" of heart failure?
Prostaglandins
Natruiretic peptides
Intracellular calcium
Which of the following would result in concentric hypertrophy?
Aortic stenosis
Mitral regurgitation
Which of the following results in eccentric hypertrophy?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of disturbing the Starling equilibrium?
Venous occlusion
Vasculitis
Hyperproteinaemia
Lymphoedema
Forward heart failure is
Inadequate output at normal pressures
Adequate output at abnormal pressures
inadequate output at abnormal pressures
What is the correct order of a physical exam of the cardiovascular system?
observation > palpation > percussion > auscultation
observation > percussion > palpation > auscultation
observation > percussion > auscultation > palpation
observation > auscultation > palpation > percussion
Tissue perfusion can be estimated via
mucous membrane color
capillary refill time
palpating the precordium
respiratory rate
Which is not an artery site to check for a pulse in a horse?
Facial artery
Transverse Facial artery
Median Artery
Digital Artery
Coccygeal artery
Percussion is used to detect
the apex beat
pulse intensity
areas of dullness
venous congestion
The apex of the heart can be auscultated on the
caudal, left side
cranial, left side
caudal, right side
cranial, right side
This is the left hand side of a horse. Label what you would auscultate at each site.
When would you hear a murmur due to mitral insufficiency?
systole
diastole
When would you hear a systolic murmur, if a heart beat is described as "lub-dub"?
Between lub and dub
After the dub
Both between the lub and dub, and after the dub
On auscultating a dog's heart, you hear a systolic murmur on the apex of the left side. This suggests
mitral insufficiency
tricuspid insufficiency
ventricular septal defect
aortic/pulmonic stenosis
mitral stenosis
aortic/pulmonic insufficiency
On auscultating a dog's heart, you hear a systolic murmur on the base of the left side. This suggests
Mitral Insufficiency
Tricuspid Insufficiency
Aortic/Pulmonic Insufficiency
Aortic/Pulmonic Stenosis
Ventricular Septal Defect
Mitral Stenosis
What type of murmur would suggest pulmonic insufficiency?
A diastolic murmur at the base of the left side
A systolic murmur at the base of the left side
A systolic murmur at the cranial border
A diastole murmur at the apex of the left side
A diastolic murmur at the cranial aspect of the right side
On auscultation, you hear a heart murmur that is louder than S1 and S2 but you cannot palpate any precordial thrill. How would you grade this murmur?
Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
Grade 4
Grade 5
Grade 6
At what grade would you possibly hear a heart murmur radiate in a particular direction?
What type of murmur can radiate dorsally?
Aortic
Pulmonic
Mitral
A gallop sound during auscultation suggests
poor systolic contraction of the ventricle
poor diastolic relaxation of the ventricle
a mitral murmur
an aortic murmur
Which of the following is a loop diuretic?
Furosemide
Spironolactone
Chlorothiazide
Amiloride
Which of the following could NOT be used to correct increased preload?
ACE Inhibitor
Pimobendan
Digoxin
Which of the following is NOT a risk of diuresis?
Hypovolaemia
RAAS Stimulation
Electrolyte disturbance
Which of the following is NOT a balanced vasodilator?
Glyceryl trinitrate
ACE inhibitor
Nitroprusside
Which of the following would reduce the regurgitation associated with mitral insufficiency?
glyceryl trinitrate
furosemide
spironolactone
pimobendan
Which of the following would indicate the use of digoxin?
Atrial fibrillation
Mitral insufficiency
What would an aortic "flow" murmur sound on auscultation?
crescendo-decrescendo between S1 and S2
decrescendo after S2
plateau between S1 and S2
plateau between S2 and S3
Which is FALSE regarding aortic flow murmurs?
relatively rare
usually below grade 3
only has local radiation
often seen in fit horses
What would a functional mitral valve regurgitation sound like?
crescendo after S2
What is the point of maximum intensity (PMI) of pathological mitral regurgitation?
left 3rd intercostal space
left 4th intercostal space
left 5th intercostal space
left 6th intercostal space
What type of pathological regurgitation is plateau-shaped, radiates craniodorsally and has a PMI at the right 4th intercostal space?
Aortic regurgitation
Tricuspid regurgitation
Pulmonary regurgitation
What shape does an pathological aortic regurgitation murmur have?
crescendo-decrescendo between S1-S2
plateau between S1-S2
decrescendo between S1-S2
A bounding or "hyperkinetic" arterial pulse is a sign of significant heart disease in
mitral regurgitation
tricuspid regurgitation
aortic regurgitation
What is the most common form of valve pathology?
Endocardiosis
Valve prolapse
Ruptured chordae tendineae
Bacterial endocarditis
Ruptured chordae tendinae is more common with the
aortic valve
mitral valve
pulmonary valve
tricuspid valve
Which of the following often can cause sudden death or acute cardiac failure?
valve prolapse
ruptured chordae tendineae
changes in ventricular size
hypovoaemia
What is the most common congenital cardiac defect in large animals?
patent ductus arteriosus
valve dysplasia
Ventricular septal defects are in the dorsal ventral cranial caudal( dorsal, ventral, cranial, caudal ) part of the septum.
The intensity of a murmur associated with a ventricular septal defect is inversely directly( inversely, directly ) proportional to the size of the defect.
With ventricular septal defects, a RHS LHS( RHS, LHS ) murmur is associated with a LV to RV RV to LV( LV to RV, RV to LV ) shunt.
With ventricular septal defects, a LHS murmur is associated with a
functional pulmonic stenosis
functional aortic stenosis
degenerative pulmonic stenosis
degenerative aortic stenosis
For VSD murmurs, a left hand side murmur's shape is crescendo-decrescendo plateau decrescendo crescendo( crescendo-decrescendo, plateau, decrescendo, crescendo ) has a grade of 3-6 less than 3( 3-6, less than 3 ) and has wide radiation.
For VSD murmurs, a right hand side murmur's shape is plateau crescendo-decrescendo crescendo decrescendo( plateau, crescendo-decrescendo, crescendo, decrescendo ) has a grade of 3-6 less than 3( 3-6, less than 3 ) and has wide radiation.
Lymphosarcoma in cattle can result from
Bovine Leukaemia Virus (BLV)
BVDV
Leptospira spp.
Bovine Herpes Virus 1
Which is FALSE regarding pericardial effusions in horses?
They tend to be idiopathic
In cases of pericarditis, they tend to develop fibrinous effusions
EVA can develop into pericarditis
Prognosis tends to be poor even with treatment
Bacterial endocarditis mainly affects which area of the heart in ruminants?
Tricuspid
Tricuspid and Pulmonic
Mitral and Aortic
Bacterial endocarditis usually affects which area of the heart in horses?
Tricuspid and pulmonic
Which of the following develops secondary to pulmonary hypertension?
cor pulmonale
bacterial endocarditis
mitral valve disease
Which of the following is NOT a sign of right-sided heart failure?
subcutaneous oedema
jugular venous distension
dyspnoea
tachypnoea
pulmonary oedema
tachycardia
Which of the following diseases is associated with catheters in horses?
Thrombophlebitis
Cor pulmonale
Lymphosarcoma
Where does exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage originate?
caudodorsal lung lobes
craniodorsal lung lobes
caudoventral lung lobes
cranioventral lung lobes