The cardiac form of white muscle disease mainly affects
Neonates
Older horses
Highly active horses
Older males
A 3 month old foal is brought in to the clinic. It is dyspnoeic, has an irregular heart rate and its blood values come back with low glutathione peroxidase and selenium levels. This foal likely has
cardiac form of nutritional myodegeneration
skeletal muscle form of nutritional myodegeneration
First degree AV block
Second degree AV block
Which of the following are released into the circulation with myocardial cell death and are indicators of myocarditis or myocardial necrosis?
Creatinine Kinase (CK)
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Selenium
Glutathione peroxidase
Cardiac Troponin I
In conventional ECG of horses, you typically put the positive electrode on the
left apex
right apex
left base
right base
In conventional ECG of horses, you typically put the negative electrode on the
Left apex
Left base
Right apex
Right base
Which type of atrioventricular block is always pathological?
First degree
Second degree
Third degree
What is the most common pathological arrhythmia in horses?
Atrial Fibrillation
Third degree AV block
Ventricular premature contractions
Atrial premature contractions
Which type of AV block has P waves that are normal shaped, occur at the expected time but without associated QRS complexes?
What type of equine arrhythmia is this?
Atrial fibrillation
Ventricular tachycardia
Which of the following does not typically initiate atrial fibrillation?
atrial enlargement
ventricular septal defect
high vagal tone
fast SA node rate
variable refractory periods
What type of cardiac rhythm would you expect with atrial fibrillation?
Irregularly irregular
Regularly irregular
Regularly regular
What is not typically a characteristic of an ECG of atrial fibrillation?
no p waves
f waves
regularly irregular rhythm
random depolarisation of AV node
Which of the following horses with atrial fibrillation would you prescribe quinidine sulphate for?
an older, retired horse where atrial fibrillation is an incidental finding
an active racehorse with exercise intolerance
an older racehorse in early heart failure
Which of the following is FALSE regarding atrial premature contractions
Normally occur during exercise
Rarely require therapy as long as ventricular rate is also no increased
Most are idiopathic
The frequency increases in the recovery phase after strenuous exercise
What type of arrhythmia is shown in this ECG?
What is the drug of first choice under anaesthesia for ventricular arrhythmias?
Magnesium sulphate
Lidocaine
Propanolol
Procainamide