L24 Cardiovascular lab tests

Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped from the ventricles (usually LV) per heart beat. It can be measured. Typically ~ ❌ mL of blood is pumped from the left ventricle through the aorta to the vascular system with a heart beat. The normal range is ❌ mL, and this is affected by preload, afterload, & contractility of the ventricles.
It can be measured with ❌. The stroke volume = end ❌ volume - end ❌ volume, i.e. the amount of blood which leaves the heart is equal to the amount of blood heart that ❌ the heart, minus the amount of blood ❌ in the heart.
This is measured as blood passes through heart ❌ during ventricular contraction, and scaled by body ❌.

Cardiac output (volume per time) is not ❌ measured, but with doppler echocardiography we can find the SV and HR and CO is therefore ❌.

The ejection fraction is the fraction of blood pumped from the ventricles (usually LV, LVEF) with each heart beat. Ejection fraction = ❌ volume/❌ volume. ~ ❌% is normal but can appear ‘normal’ in some types of heart ❌. It is measured with an echocardiogram or ❌.

Blood pressure is the hydrostatic pressure exerted by circulating blood on vessel ❌ (usually arterial). It is measured in a large artery (usually ❌) using a ❌ (+/- a stethoscope) and expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure in mmHg. Blood pressure is a function of ❌, and arterial compliance (AC). Normal resting blood pressure in an adult is ~ ❌ mmHg and > ❌ mmHg systolic indicates hypertension.

Mean arterial pressure, the average arterial blood pressure, is a function of cardiac output and peripheral resistance (MAP = ❌), and has a median normal value of ❌ mmHg (range ❌).