Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped from the ventricles (usually LV) per heart beat. It can be measured. Typically ~ ❌ mL of blood is pumped from the left ventricle through the aorta to the vascular system with a heart beat. The normal range is ❌ mL, and this is affected by preload, afterload, & contractility of the ventricles.
It can be measured with ❌. The stroke volume = end ❌ volume - end ❌ volume, i.e. the amount of blood which leaves the heart is equal to the amount of blood heart that ❌ the heart, minus the amount of blood ❌ in the heart.
This is measured as blood passes through heart ❌ during ventricular contraction, and scaled by body ❌.
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