Sudden Death CLASP

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depolarizations are abnormal depolarizations of cardiac myocytes that interrupt phase 2, 3 or 4 of the cardiac AP in the cardiac conduction system of the heart

1

( Early, Delayed ) Afterdepolarisations can result in Torsades de Pointes

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Early Afterdepolarisations are potentiated by drugs which prolong the ( QT, PR, PT, QRS ) interval

1

Early Afterdepolarisations can be potentiated by which of the following?

1

Torsades de pointes is commonly caused by low ( potassium, sodium ) levels and/or low ( magnesium, iron, zinc, copper ) levels

1

Torsades de Pointes is a ( ventricular, supraventricular ) ( tachycardia, bradycardia ) which can be fatal.

1

Early Afterdepolarisations occur during the ( repolarisation, depolarisation ) phase of the cardiac action potential

1

Delayed Afterdepolarisations occur during ( phase 4, phase 0, phase 1, phase 2, phase 3 ) of the cardiac action potential - after repolarisation but before another action potential occurs.

1

Delayed Afterdepolarisations typically occur due to raised Cytosolic ( Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium ) levels
Delayed Afterdepolarisations are classically seen in ( Digoxin, Warfarin, Lithium, Paracetamol ) Toxicity

1

Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia is classically seen in ( delayed afterdepolarisations, early afterdepolarisations )

1

Congenital Long QT Syndrome is associated with ( Torsades de Pointes, Brugada Syndrome )

1

Congenital Long QT Syndrome which presents with deafness is likely autosomal ( recessive, dominant ) in nature

1

Congenital Short QT Syndrome occurs due to a mutation in the cardiac ( Potassium, Calcium, Sodium, Chloride ) Channels

1

ST Elevation and Right Bundle Branch Block is indicative of Brugada Syndrome if it occurs in which of the following leads?

1

Brugada syndrome is inherited in an autosomal ( dominant, recessive ) pattern

1

Which 2 of the following are known to trigger Ventricular Fibrillation in patients with Brugada Syndrome?
This can cause sudden cardiac death.

1

Antiarrhythmic medications (e.g. Amiodarone) and Analgesics (e.g. Paracetamol) should be avoided in Brugada Syndrome patients, for fear of causing Ventricular Fibrillation.

1

Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT) is a condition whereby Ventricular Fibrillation can be caused in response to adrenaline and/or noradrenaline. Which 2 of the following are the most common exacerbants of this condition?

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Which of the following medications have been found to be beneficial in CPVT patients?

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Flecainide should be considered for treatment of which of the following conditions?

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Delta wave on an ECG is indicative of which of the following conditions?

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What is the most common genetic cause of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

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Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators are first line treatment for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

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Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is an autosomal dominant condition whereby mutations in the genes encoding cardiac cause fibrofatty replacement of cardiomyocytes in the right ventricular, thus leading to arrhythmias.

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Generally, which of the following types of medication has been proven to reduce the rate of Sudden Cardiac Death?

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The likelihood of having a disease if you have a gene mutation is called the of a disease

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Marfan Syndrome occurs due to a mutation to the gene

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The safest position for a baby to sleep in is on their side.

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You are receiving patients in casualty. A 38 yo healthy man became acutely unwell, becoming very pale and than grey and unresponsive. An ambulance was called, but in the interim, he spontaneously recovered. He has no past medical history.
On arrival in hospital, his ECG was as follows:

What is the most likely diagnosis?

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What is the only type of shock which causes a bradycardia (as opposed to tachycardia)?

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Which of the following should be given to treat neurogenic shock?

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Inadequate organ perfusion caused by the failure of the heart to act as a pump is known as shock

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Anaphylactic shock is treated via IV

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Anaphylactic shock is treated with 500micrograms of adrenaline at a dilution of

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A patient is hypertensive once their BP drops below ( 90/60, 90/70, 100/60, 100/70 )

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In neurogenic shock, the ( sympathetic, parasympathetic ) supply to the heart has been cut off which is which neurogenic shock results in ( bradycardia, tachycardia ) (when the other types of shock result in ( tachycardia, bradycardia ))

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MI, Heart Failure, PE and Cardiac Tamponade are all causes of which type of shock?

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Which of the following is most commonly known to cause cardiac arrest?

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Which two of the following are typically used to treat cardiogenic shock?

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Which of the following are types of distributive shock?
I.e. the blood volume is normal, it is just unevenly distributed

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At what depth should chest compressions be conducted?

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In a case of an adult with heart failure, rescue breaths should be conducted before chest compressions are started.

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Which of the following are shockable?

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Which of the following are non-shockable rhythms?

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IV Adrenaline (+IV Amiodarone if arrhythmia) should be given after ( 3, 5, 10 ) rounds of CPR and every ( 3, 5, 10 ) rounds thereafter

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❌ is reversible
❌ is irreversible

Clinical death

Biologic death

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In absence of CPR, clinical death lasts around 3-6 minutes before biologic death occurs.

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Where are ECG electrodes placed?
Right Arm = ❌
Left Arm = ❌
Left Leg = ❌
Right Leg = ❌

Blue

Green

Yellow

Red

A quiz based on everything I think might be relevant from the CLASP lectures which were uploaded to Medblogs and the pre-lecture formative.

Sudden Death CLASP

depolarizations are abnormal depolarizations of cardiac myocytes that interrupt phase 2, 3 or 4 of the cardiac AP in the cardiac conduction system of the heart

Early Delayed( Early, Delayed ) Afterdepolarisations can result in Torsades de Pointes

Early Afterdepolarisations are potentiated by drugs which prolong the QT PR PT QRS( QT, PR, PT, QRS ) interval

Early Afterdepolarisations can be potentiated by which of the following?

Torsades de pointes is commonly caused by low potassium sodium( potassium, sodium ) levels and/or low magnesium iron zinc copper( magnesium, iron, zinc, copper ) levels

Torsades de Pointes is a ventricular supraventricular( ventricular, supraventricular ) tachycardia bradycardia( tachycardia, bradycardia ) which can be fatal.

Early Afterdepolarisations occur during the repolarisation depolarisation( repolarisation, depolarisation ) phase of the cardiac action potential

Delayed Afterdepolarisations occur during phase 4 phase 0 phase 1 phase 2 phase 3( phase 4, phase 0, phase 1, phase 2, phase 3 ) of the cardiac action potential - after repolarisation but before another action potential occurs.

Delayed Afterdepolarisations typically occur due to raised Cytosolic Calcium Sodium Potassium Magnesium( Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium ) levels Delayed Afterdepolarisations are classically seen in Digoxin Warfarin Lithium Paracetamol( Digoxin, Warfarin, Lithium, Paracetamol ) Toxicity

Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia is classically seen in delayed afterdepolarisations early afterdepolarisations( delayed afterdepolarisations, early afterdepolarisations )

Congenital Long QT Syndrome is associated with Torsades de Pointes Brugada Syndrome( Torsades de Pointes, Brugada Syndrome )

Congenital Long QT Syndrome which presents with deafness is likely autosomal recessive dominant( recessive, dominant ) in nature

Congenital Short QT Syndrome occurs due to a mutation in the cardiac Potassium Calcium Sodium Chloride( Potassium, Calcium, Sodium, Chloride ) Channels

ST Elevation and Right Bundle Branch Block is indicative of Brugada Syndrome if it occurs in which of the following leads?

Brugada syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant recessive( dominant, recessive ) pattern

Which 2 of the following are known to trigger Ventricular Fibrillation in patients with Brugada Syndrome? This can cause sudden cardiac death.

Antiarrhythmic medications (e.g. Amiodarone) and Analgesics (e.g. Paracetamol) should be avoided in Brugada Syndrome patients, for fear of causing Ventricular Fibrillation.

Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT) is a condition whereby Ventricular Fibrillation can be caused in response to adrenaline and/or noradrenaline. Which 2 of the following are the most common exacerbants of this condition?

Which of the following medications have been found to be beneficial in CPVT patients?

Flecainide should be considered for treatment of which of the following conditions?

( Early, Delayed ) Afterdepolarisations can result in Torsades de Pointes

Early Afterdepolarisations are potentiated by drugs which prolong the ( QT, PR, PT, QRS ) interval

Torsades de pointes is commonly caused by low ( potassium, sodium ) levels and/or low ( magnesium, iron, zinc, copper ) levels

Torsades de Pointes is a ( ventricular, supraventricular ) ( tachycardia, bradycardia ) which can be fatal.

Early Afterdepolarisations occur during the ( repolarisation, depolarisation ) phase of the cardiac action potential

Delayed Afterdepolarisations occur during ( phase 4, phase 0, phase 1, phase 2, phase 3 ) of the cardiac action potential - after repolarisation but before another action potential occurs.

Delayed Afterdepolarisations typically occur due to raised Cytosolic ( Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium ) levels
Delayed Afterdepolarisations are classically seen in ( Digoxin, Warfarin, Lithium, Paracetamol ) Toxicity

Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia is classically seen in ( delayed afterdepolarisations, early afterdepolarisations )

Congenital Long QT Syndrome is associated with ( Torsades de Pointes, Brugada Syndrome )

Congenital Long QT Syndrome which presents with deafness is likely autosomal ( recessive, dominant ) in nature

Congenital Short QT Syndrome occurs due to a mutation in the cardiac ( Potassium, Calcium, Sodium, Chloride ) Channels

Brugada syndrome is inherited in an autosomal ( dominant, recessive ) pattern

Which 2 of the following are known to trigger Ventricular Fibrillation in patients with Brugada Syndrome?
This can cause sudden cardiac death.

A patient is hypertensive once their BP drops below ( 90/60, 90/70, 100/60, 100/70 )