A common double stranded RNA virus invades your body and enters the bloodstream. What happens next?
B cells develop specific antibodies to bind to and fight the virus
MHC's latch on to the virus, targeting it for degradation
Toll-like receptors bind to the virus, making it undergo apoptosis
Natural killer cells inject the virus, making it undergo apoptosis
A secondary immune response activates
The afferent arteriole of the kidney...
A. Has a higher oxygen content than blood found in the arteries supplying the intestines.
B. receives the entire body's blood supply as the blood prepares to enter the glomerular capillaries
C. Has a smooth muscle layer in the middle of its arterial wall that can constrict and relax, controlling diameter
B and C
A, B, and C
What is the role of the liver in digestion?
the liver receives the chyme-like fluid from the stomach and intestines, where it releases bile and helps solubilize the fats
the liver secretes and stores bile which aids in fat solubilization
the liver secretes bile, which gets transported to the gull bladder, where it is stored and secreted into the bile duct (and eventually into the duodenum), aiding fat digestion
the liver secretes bile, which gets transported to the gall bladder, where it is stored and secreted into the bile duct (and eventually into the duodenum), aiding protein digestion
The bicuspid valve...
Is open during arteriole systole
is open during ventricular systole
passes deoxygenated blood
is found on the right side of the heart
all of the above
If oxygen levels in the blood decrease....
Chemoreceptors on the aorta and carotid will fire, telling the inspiratory neurons in the medulla to fire faster, resulting in hyperventilation
hemoglobin will be actively releasing loaded oxygens
CO2 levels will also decrease, shifting the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right
iron will bind more tightly to oxygen
residual volume would decrease
FIGURE. At what plasma glucose level will you find it in the urine?
50 mg/dl
100 mg/dl
200 mg/dl
300 mg/dl
FIGURE. Which of the following is/are true regarding the line labeled as filtered on the figure?
A. Glucose filtration through the glomerular capillaries is linear in a plasma glucose range of 0-500 mg/dl
B. transporters for glucose become saturated around a plasma glucose level of 200 mg/dl
C. reabsorption of glucose matches glucose filtration rate under a plasma glucose rate of about 200 mg/dl
A and C
FIGURE. Suppose a person is injected with additional insulin (beyond normal blood insulin levels). How might this affect the above graph in terms of glucose handling?
The graph would be unaffected as insulin stores sugar into muscle, fat and liver cells
the filtered glucose line would be steeper
the filtered glucose line would be flatter
the excreted glucose would start farther, around 300 mg/dl instead of around 200 mg/dl
the reabsorbed glucose would plateau at a higher level (for example, 300 mg/min instead of 200 mg/min)
A person's blood pressure is 80/30 mmHg. Which of the following processes might be happening in this person's body?
Vasodilation of blood vessels to the skin
heightened aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex
increased urine production
inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme secreted from the lungs
increased blood flow to the small intestine capillaries
If inspiratory reserve volume decreased...
A. tidal volume must have increased
B. vital capacity must have decreased
C. total lung capacity must have decreased
DIAGRAM. This is where the gut microbiome can be found
3
4
6
1
3 and 4
DIAGRAM. Enzymes that digest proteins can be found here
1 and 6
6 and 7
3, 6, and 7
3 and 6
3 and 7
DIAGRAM. A sphincter (ring of smooth muscle) that separates these two compartments isn't doing its job well when an individual has heartburn
6 and 3
7 and 3
5 and 6
DIAGRAM. If this organ were removed, a person could still survive but may have some compromised digestive function.
1 only
1 or 2
6 only
6 or 2
2 only
The P-wave in the electrocardiogram...
A. Represents atrial contraction
B. happens while the semilunar valves are closed
C. can give information about cardiac output
D. gives information about the oxygenated content of the blood
A and B
Which of the following is a player in the adaptive immune response?
macrophages
natural killer cells
histamine release following a cut
neutrophils
major histocompatibility complexes
Which of the following substances would NOT be found in Bowman's capsule
Glucose
sodium
red blood cells
potassium
LH (hormone used to detect ovulation status in females)
CHART. Which patient listed above could you confidently diagnose with hypertension but not diabetes?
patient A
patient B
patient C
patient D
TABLE. High levels of ADH would be apparent in which patient's bloodstream?
Patient A
Patient B
Patient C
Patient D
TABLE. From observing the numbers in the table above, what can you conclude?
A. elevated glucose levels may result in hypotonic urine
B. an individual with high blood pressure could have normal glucose levels
C. patient a and c are probably at about the same level of health, given only the numbers in the above table
How would you be able to tell if a person had type I vs type II diabetes?
It would be type II if the insulin levels in the blood are normal
it would be type II if they were also obese
it would be type II if they didn't respond to insulin injections
it would be type I if glucose showed up in the urine
it would be type I if exercise doesn't help at all
On the venous end of the circulatory system...
A. blood oxygen content would be higher than the arterial end
B. blood flow (velocity) would be faster than the arterial end
C. valves promote unidirectional flow of the blood
D. blood CO2 content would be lower that the arterial end
If the semilunar valves were opened before the AV valves closed...
A. stroke volume would decrease
B. cardiac output would decrease
C. ventricular systole may not occur
FIGURE. Which of the following statements is accurate concerning the above reaction in the capillaries of the lungs?
Carbonic anhydrase will drive the reaction towards more carbon dioxide production
the blood exiting the lungs will have a higher pH than the blood entering the lungs
this reaction doesn't occur in the lungs, it occurs in red blood cells in the tissues fo the body
reaction 2 will remain unchanged but reaction 1 will change
none of the above are true
DIAGRAM. There is a condition called metabolic acidosis where H+ builds up in the blood and if not dealt with immediately can result in death. The body has internal mechanisms to combat metabolic acidosis, one of which is affecting the above equation. In the case that H+ is building up in the blood, which is true?
The above equation would shift to the left
the above equation would shift to the right
in the above equation, step 2 would stop happening
in the above equation, step 1 would happen faster
a person may begin to hypo-ventilate
An animal requires 20 amino acids to make proteins. You know that...
All of these are essential and must be consumed in the diet
only the ones that cannot be synthesized from other macromolecules in the body are essential
essential amino acids are the ones that are found in animal tissues
essential amino acids are the ones that are only found in plant tissues
there are no essential amino acids, your body can make whatever it needs from other molecules
If all other conditions are the same between two capillaries, then the capillary that is experiencing higher blood pressure will...
A. remove wastes from cells more efficiently
B. release more oxygen into the body
C. cause more fluid to flow into the interstitial space
A and B are true
All of the above are true
Which of the following are true regarding septic shock?
it is associated with a fever
it is associated with low blood pressure
white blood cell count drastically increases in a short period of time
none of the above
Swallowing a fish whole would.... (gross!)
prevent digestion as the fish is too big to digest
have no effect on digestion or ingestion of the fish
slow the rate of ingestion but increase the rate of digestion
increase the rate of ingestion and increase the rate of digestion
increase the rate of ingestion and decrease the rate of digestion
If you lymphatic system failed to collect the fluids that leave your circulatory system, you would predict...
the fluid would ultimately be picked up by the circulatory system
the fluid would be picked up by the digestive system
the fluids would diffuse back to the heart
there would be a lot of swelling
you would probably get an infection very quickly
We briefly mentioned the hormone leptin and that mice who had leptin receptors knocked out (gone) developed obesity fast. This is good evidence that leptin...
is a hormone that signals hunger
is a hormone that signals you to eat
is a hormone that signals satiety (you are full)
is a hormone that stimulates contraction of the smooth muscle in the stomach
is a hormone that is important in mice but not in humans
Where along the nephron is there absolutely no water reabsorption?
Proximal tubule
descending loop of henle
ascending loop of henle
distal tubule
collecting duct
Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding T and B cells?
both are part of the innate immune system
they are both only found in vertebrates
they originate from different sources in the body
there are types of lymphocytes
they bind to antigens or fragments of antigens
Vaccines provide protection against diseases by activating the ____ immune system so when a vaccinated person is exposed to a pathogen for the first time the pathogen raises a ___ immune response.
innate; primary
innate; secondary
adaptive; primary
adaptive; secondary
GRAPH. According to the graph, oxygen will....
leave hemoglobin and bind to myoglobin at your muscles
leave myoglobin and bind to hemoglobin at your muscles
bind equally to myoglobin and hemoglobin in your muscles
not know what to do at your muscles so it will combine with H+ to make water
cannot determine
GRAPH. What can you say about human maternal hemoglobin compared to human fetal hemoglobin?
A. human fetal hemoglobin behaves like it is operating at a higher temperature than human maternal hemoglobin
B. human maternal hemoglobin unloads oxygen easier than human fetal hemoglobin
C. human fetal hemoglobin behaves like it is operating at a higher pH than human maternal hemoglobin
If a person blood dopes, their goal is to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of their blood. this would result in
blood plasma levels increasing
a greater risk of bleeding following a cut
a greater risk of developing blood clots
a higher proportion of white blood cells
fewer hemoglobins in systematic circulation
Pancreatic enzymes aid in the digestion of
A. proteins
B. fats
C. carbohydrates
A and B only
which of the following would contribute to an increase in blood pressure?
vasodilation
increased total peripheral resistance
decreased heart rate
decreased stroke volume
When you are short of breath, your body signals hyperventilation because of dropping oxygen levels
True
False
