Tachyarrhythmias:
1. Atrial flutter - Rapid, ❌ atrial depolarization. Atrial rate: 250-350 bpm. If atrial impulses are conducted to the ❌, it can result in ventricular tachycardia. Since atrial rate is high, AV ❌ may occur to protect ventricles...
2. Atrial fibrillation - Most common sustained arrhythmia. mpulses conduct ❌ across the atria – leading to fibrillation. Atrial rate ❌ bpm. AV node irregularly filters (blocks) atrial impulses, irregular increased ❌ rate occurs. Concern is atrial thrombus formation due to stasis. Clinical Features: Fatigue, palpitation, syncope, worsening ❌.
3. Ventricular Tachycardia - Rate ❌ bpm. '❌ VT' if tachycardia lasts >30 seconds. ECG: wide and rapid ❌ complexes (❌: All QRS complexes are similar, or ❌: QRS complexes change in morphology, amplitude, polarity).
4. Torsades de Pointes (TdP) - Variance of polymorphic VT. Drug causes: Anti-arrhythmics (Class Ia, Class III), phenothiazines, erythromycin. Electrolyte causes: ❌, hypomagnesemia.
5. Ventricular Fibrillation - Chaotic (❌) ventricular arrhythmia. Rate 250-500 bpm. Follows ischemic event, most frequent cause of sudden ❌.
6. Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome - Early ventricular depolarization. Congenital defect.
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heart failure
heart failure