When atoms are at a 90 degree angle from the hydrogen atom.

When the atoms are all in a straight line.

When atoms are at less than 60 degrees from the hydrogen atom.

When atoms are more than 60 degrees from the hydrogen atom.

At the van der Waals contact distance.

At less than the van der Waals contact distance.

At more than the van der Waals contact distance.

When the nuclei of the two atoms are 0.5 angstrom away from each other.

It doesn't release heat, it absorbs it.

Because the formation of the double helix is a decrease in entropy, thus heat must be released to increase it and make the reaction favourable.

The overall net formation of hydrogen bonds releases energy as heat.

Because the enzymes that do it couple the reaction with another one that releases heat.

The susceptibility of a proton to be removed by a reaction with a base.

The susceptibility of a proton to be removed by a reaction with an acid.

The pH at which the concentration of protons is equal to the concentration of OH- for a substance.

The pH at which the concentration of the protonated form of a substance is equal to the concentration of OH-.

Only two electrons may be placed in each orbital, and these must have opposite spins.

Only two electrons may be placed in each orbital.

If two or more orbitals of equal energy are available, then one electron must be placed in each orbital until they are half full.

The combining of atomic orbitals within an atom to form new orbitals.

Leucine

Methionine

Tryptophan

Serine

Hydrogen bonds

Ionic interactions

van der Waals interactions

Steric clashes

A measure of the solvent's ability to keep opposite charges apart.

A measure of the solvent's ability to keep opposite charges together.

A measure of the solvent's ability to keep like charges together.

A measure of the solvent's ability to keep like charges apart.

The sequence of amino acids is sufficient and necessary for protein folding.

Which codon represents which amino acid.

DNA is the molecule which stores genetic information.

Correct protein folding sometimes requires chaperone proteins.

N terminus

C terminus

Tryptophan end

The end which is central to the protein

The mass action ratio depends on actual concentrations, while the equilibrium constant depends on the concentrations at equilibrium.

The mass action ratio depends on theoretical concentrations, while the equilibrium constant depends on the concentrations at equilibrium.

The mass action ratio depends on concentrations at equilibrium, while the equilibrium constant depends on the actual concentrations.

The mass action ratio depends on theoretical concentrations, while the equilibrium constant depends on the actual concentrations.

The concentrations of all reactants and products at equilibrium.

When all reactants have a concentration of 1M.

When all products and reactants have a concentration of 1M.

When there are equal concentrations of products and reactants at any concentration.

Actin

Tubulin

Actin and tubulin

Myosin

G-actin

F-actin

M-actin

T-actin

It is energetically unfavourable.

It's energetically favourable

The associated Mg2+ cations slow the process down

There is never enough actin monomers accumulated in one area

Dystrophin

CAPZ

Fimbrin

Tubulin

Creating networks of F-actin as a gelation protein.

Severing actin filaments which leads to dissociation of the filament.

Prevents the formation of actin clots.

Generation of higher order structures.

Myosin II

Myosin I

Myosin IV

Myosin V

Reorganisation of chromosomes during division

Intracellular transport

Form an integral part of the neuronal axon

Form the backbone of cilia

Alpha subunit

Beta subunit

Both alpha and beta subunits

Neither alpha nor beta subunits

It is stable.

The beta tubulin ringed side has a faster rate of growth than the alpha tubulin side.

The dissociation of GDP-tubulin once the cap is lost is slower than in other systems.

It only has kinesin motors, making it simple to observe.

Actin can be highly branched, while microtubules cannot.

Microtubules can be highly branched, while actin cannot.

Myosin can be highly branched, while actin cannot.

Myosin can be highly branched, while microtubules cannot.

Group transfer

Addition/removal of functional groups

Hydrolysis

Fermentation

Substrate channeling

Formation of proteinaceous compartments

Futile cycling

Metabolic flux

Hydrogen

Electrons and hydrogen

Carboxyl group

Methyl group

The reaction ATP<=>ADP+Pi is maintained favouring the formation of ATP

The reaction ATP<=>ADP+Pi is displaced from the equilibrium ratio

The reaction ATP<=>ADP+Pi favours ADP+Pi

The The reaction ATP<=>ADP+Pi is maintained within the cell favouring ADP+Pi

Inhibitors

Cell fragmentation

Radiolabelling

Mutants

Hexokinase

Aldolase

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Enolase

Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by phosphofructokinase

Cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate by aldolase

Oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase

Triose phosphate isomerase

Hexokinase

Phosphofructokinase

Aldolase

Mitochondrial matrix

Mitochondrial intermembrane space

Cytoplasm

Cell membrane

Thioester linkage

Ester linkage

Esther linkage

Phosphodiester linkage

Succinate

Fumarate

Malate

Citrate

Citrate isomerisation

Phosphate group transfer from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP

Removal of water from 2-phosphoglycerate

Decarboxylation of isocitrate

Complex I

Complex II

Complex III

Complex IV

4

2.5

1.5

6

Complex I

Complex II

Complex III

Complex IV

The inhibition of complex II by malonate

Proton 'back pressure' restricting electron flow

The breaking down of ATP to ADP+Pi by the cell to keep the ATP concentration low

The inhibition of the electron transport chain by the lack of oxygen

Endocrine signalling

Paracrine signalling

Steroid signalling

Lymphoid signalling

Diffusion

Ion channel

T-protein coupled receptor

Enzyme receptor