Serves as a passageway for air to pass to and from the lungs. It filters impurities and humidifies and warms the air inhaled

is a tube-like structure that connects the nasal and oral cavity to the larynx

these structures are important links in the chain of lymph nodes guarding the body from invasion by organisms entering the nose and throat

Is a cartilaginous epithelium lined organ that connects the pharynx and the trachea and consists of the epiglottis, glottis, thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage, aryteroid carilages and the vocal cords

this serves as the passage between the larynx and right and left main stem bronchi

the lungs and walls of the thoracic cavity are lined with a serous membrane called

this pleura covers the lungs

this pleura lines the thoracic cavity

this helps alveoli stay open and reduces surface tension

lungs expand from what to what

pulmonary circulation is considered what kind of pressure

is the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration at the air blood interface

this process is when actual blood flow through the pulmonary vasculature the blood is pumped into the lungs by the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery

perfusion is influenced by pulmonary artery pressure, gravity and

is the elasticity and expandability of the lungs and thoracic structures

can cause increased airway resistance

gas exchange between that atmospheric air and the blood in between the blood and the cells of the body is called

this requires movement of the walls of the thoracic cage and diaphragm during inspiration and expiration

gas exchange with oxygen is by

this type of ventilation and perfusion imbalance happens when ventilation exceeds perfusion such as a pulmonary embolism causing inadequate perfusion

this type of imbalance happens with an inadequate ventilation and not enough oxygen is coming in such as a lung collapse

this in balance is when inadequate ventilation and inadequate perfusion is involved such as a pneumothorax or ARDS

the amount of blood passing by the alveoli is equal to the amount of gas with a normal ratio of 1 to 1 is called

these two structures control respiratory and are located in the brain stem

this is the amount of oxygen dissolved in arterial blood with a normal range of 80-100mmhg

hemoglobin is able to carry how many oxygen molecules and considered full or saturated

the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin and measured as a percentage is

Sao2 is the oxygen saturation read from

Sp02 is oxygen saturation read from

normal pH range for blood is

this indicates adequacy of alveolar ventilation. normal range is 35 to 45

normal range of bicarbonate is

these are considered respiratory defense mechanisms

Early CNS symptoms of inadequate oxygenation include

Late CNS signs and symptoms of inadequate oxygenation include

substance that gives up an hydrogen ion in the body

A substance that can accept a hydrogen ion in the body

Chemical buffers maintain what ratio of the base hco3 to the acid H2co3 to help keep pH in normal range

this is caused by hypoventilation for respiratory or for metabolically: diarrhea ,pancreatic fluid loss ,renal failure, DKA, starvation, aspirin overdose, dehydration

caused by hyperventilation by respiratory or by metabolic too many tums loss of chloride, or hydrogen chloride, gastric suction, vomiting ,or diuretic therapy

if the pH and pco2 are changed in the opposite direction there is a what kind of problem

if the pH and the bicarbonate are changed in the same direction there is a ___________problem

this system compensates for metabolic and balance by elimination of co2

this system compensates for and balances and co2 alternating hydrogen ions and bicarbonate elimination and can take a few days

if the pH and pco2 are changed in the same direction the body is compensating for an abnormal