Immunology

What are the two primary lymphoid organs?

What does Waldeyer's ring of lymphoid tissue consist of?

List three tissues responsible for the maturation of leukocytes.

Where in the thorax is there lymphoid tissue?

Where in the gastrointestinal system is there lymphoid tissue?

Where in the pelvic region is there lymphoid tissue?

Why can the bone marrow ultimately give rise to the constituents of the immune system?

Which stem cell is capable of giving rise to all blood cell lineages?

Where does the majority of haematopoiesis occur? Can it occur in any bone marrow?

Which leukocytes are derived from granulocyte precursor cells?

Which leukocytes are derived from monoblasts?

What do basophils contain that mast cells also do?

What are basophils activated by?

What are the primary products of basophils and what do they do?

Describe the erythema, wheal and flare inflammatory response.

What may follow widespread activation of basophils and mast cells with release of mediators into the circulation?

Roughly what percentage of circulating granulocytes do eosinophils constitute? Roughly how many times higher is their concentration in the tissues?

What is the granule content of eosinophils?

What are the main roles of eosinophils?

Eosinophil granules are divided into specific and primary types. What are the four types of specific granule and what do they do?

What is the contents of the primarily granules of eosinophils?

Eosinophils are activated by a variety of mediators for which they have receptors. Which two antibodies predominately activate eosinophils?

How do eosinophils migrate? Name a specific receptor.

Eosinophils are capable of phagocytosis and intracellular degranulation, but what is their immune mechanism in response to worms and other large parasites?

In what way do eosinophils also have properties of the acquired immune response?

Describe the participation of eosinophils in allergic reactions.

What is characteristic about the nucleus of a neutrophil?

What is the range of concentrations of neutrophils in the circulation?

What is the main role of neutrophils?

Which type of granule appears during neutrophil development in the bone marrow?

What is the most common granule in the neutrophil cytoplasm?

Both primary and secondary neutrophilic granules may be released intracellularly or extracellularly following fusion with...what?

List stimuli that are capable of mobilising neutrophilic granules.

Give an example of a product of a bacterial cell wall that may bind with a neutrophilic surface receptor and mobilise its granules?

Give an example of a complement product that can bind to a neutrophilic surface receptor to mobilise its granules.

What are leukotrienes?

Give three examples of cytokines that can mobilise neutrophilic granules.

Which antibacterial effector molecules are present in the primary granules of neutrophils?

What do secondary neutrophilic granules have which enhance their directional response and are involved in chemotaxis?

What do secondary neutrophilic granules contain?

Where are compounds which activate neutrophils and mobilise their granules (such as FMLP) likely to come from?

What do neutrophils do under normal healthy conditions?

Where is blood flow slowest? This is the same area that emits a tissue response to make the endothelial lining of vessels 'stickier' to attract neutrophils.

What prompts the endothelial cells of the post-capillary venules to emit a tissue signal to attract neutrophils?

Name a mediator that has a dilative effect on vessel walls.

How do cytokines and dilative mediators work together on a blood vessel to get neutrophils to the necessary site?

Define chemotaxis.

What are pseudopodia and how do they work?

How is phagocytosis achieved in neutrophils?

Can neutrophils ingest more than one bacterium or fungus at once?

When large numbers of neutrophils are involved in the phagocytosis of an invading body, what do the dead/dying neutrophils form if the lesion is infective?

When large numbers of neutrophils are involved in the phagocytosis of an invading body, what do the dead/dying neutrophils form if the lesion is inflammatory?

What are opsonins?

Name two oxygen-independent mechanisms of killing bacteria and fungi that neutrophils carry out.

Name two oxygen-dependent mechanisms that neutrophils use to kill bacteria and fungi.

What percentage range of circulating leukocytes do monocytes constitute?

What are monocytes termed when they enter the extravascular pool and tissues?

How do monocytes/macropages compare in size to neutrophils and lymphocytes?

List some specialised forms of the mature monocyte.

Describe some of the changes in a monocyte when it transforms into a phagocytic macrophage in the tissues.

List 4 functions of monocytes/macrophages.

What are the 3 ways in which monocytes migrate?

Mononuclear phagocyte system (MNPS) secretions include...

List 3 chemicals that activate monocytes and state where they are released from.

What structural changes does a mononuclear phagocyte system (MNPS) undergo, and what processes does it increase/carry out, once activated?

What are the two main immune functions of monocytes?

Which properties do monocytes have in common with neutrophils?

What is antigen presentation in monocytes?

Where do lymphocytes derive their name from?

What is the ratio of B lymphocytes to T lymphocytes?

Where did B lymphocytes get their name from?

How are B lymphocytes differentiated from T lymphocytes using an electron micrograph?

Where do B lymphocytes differentiate before being released, fully mature, into the circulation?

What is the primary role of B lymphocytes?