What characteristics of a drug affect absorption?

Where are CYP450 enzymes found?

Which CYP450 enzymes metabolizes 50% of prescribed drugs?

How does induction of CYP450 enzymes affect the bioavailability of a drug?

What is the function of P-glycoprotein?

What is the absorption factor of IV drug?

Where does a PO drug go after being absorbed from the stomach?

What is "first pass" metabolism?

What affects first pass metabolism?

How can you minimize/avoid the first pass effect?

What are the possible outcomes of first pass metabolism?

Phase I reactions involve______ and ________ type reactions

What factors affect distribution?

What affects glomerular filtration rate?

Define tubular secretion

What are two important concepts for understanding tubular secretion?

Define tubular reabsorption

What affects tubular reabsorption?

Define first order kinetics

How many half-lives to essentially eliminate a drug?

How many doses to reach steady state?

Define zero order kinetics

Define EC50

Define Kd

How is Kd related to affinity?

Define ED50

Therapeutic index=

Define additive effect

Define synergistic effect

Define tachyphylaxis

Define down-regulation

Define tolerance

Define dependence

Gastric pH changes:
Premature infants ________
Full term babies___________

In neonates:
Bile formation _____
Pancreatic enzyme production_____
Gastric emptying____
Intestinal motility____
Bowel length____
Effective absorptive surface ____

Infants have a higher volume of distribution for _____-soluble drugs and a lower volume of distribution for _______-soluble drugs

Blood brain barrier is more/less permeable in neonates

Neonates have more/less plasma binding proteins and more/less bilirubin, which competes for plasma binding proteins.

Generally infants have increased/reduced hepatic blood flow and increased/reduced Phase I metabolism.

Infants have decreased/increased glomerular filtration compared to adults.

Rates of tubular secretion and renal reabsorption are generally lower/higher in pediatrics, especially neonates and young infants.

Overall lower/higher rates of elimination in peds lead to increased/decreased response to the drug.

Oral absorption in pregnancy:
o Gastric emptying/intestinal motility?
o Gastric pH?
o CO? affects absorption/metabolism?

Inhalation absorption is ______ in pregnancy due to ______CO and _______ tidal volume.

IM absorption in pregnancy is ______ due to _______ blood flow to muscles.

Plasma volume is _____ during pregnancy, leading to _____ plasma drug concentration.

Pregnancy is a state of ____ albuminemia. Hormones cause ______ protein binding.

Drug metabolism in pregnancy is _____ due to ______ hepatic blood flow and _______ CYP450 enzyme activity.

Excretion in pregnancy is ________.

Characteristics of drugs that are easily transported through the placenta:
lipo/hydrophilic?
high/low molecular weight?
bound/unbound?
long/short half-life?
ionized/unionized?

Pregnancy Category A

Pregnancy Category B

Pregnancy Category C

Pregnancy Category D

Pregnancy Category X

Phase II metabolism involves what type of reaction?

Define side effect

Define adverse event

What are Type A drug reactions?

What are Type B drug reactions?