Matthew Coulson
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The first afternoon of the course - first lecture given.

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Matthew Coulson
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Introduction & Physiology of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology

Frage 1 von 33

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Alcoholic beverages typically utilise yeasts in their production, especially ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii, Saccharomyces eubayanus, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis ) (commonly known as baker's yeast).

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Frage 2 von 33

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Vinegar is scientifically known as acid

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Frage 3 von 33

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Which of the following fungi is used in the production of citric acid?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Aspergillus Niger

  • Aspergillus Nidulans

  • Aspergillus Oryzae

  • Aspergillus Fumigatus

  • Aspergillus Flavus

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Frage 4 von 33

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Antibiotics are ( secondary, primary, tertiary ) metabolites synthesized by filamentous bacteria and fungi

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Frage 5 von 33

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Which type of enzyme is found in washing powders?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Proteases

  • Amylases

  • Lipases

  • Cellulase

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Frage 6 von 33

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Which two enzymes are the main regulators of glucose breakdown?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • Alpha amylase

  • Beta amylase

  • Delta amylase

  • Amyloglucosidase

  • Glucoamylase

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Frage 7 von 33

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are organisms made up of cells that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles.
are organisms made up of cells that possess a membrane-bound nucleus that holds genetic material as well as membrane-bound organelles.

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Frage 8 von 33

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Prokaryote or Eukaryote?
Archaea = ( Prokaryote, Eukaryote )
Fungi = ( Eukaryote, Prokaryote )
Protozoa = ( Eukaryote, Prokaryote )
Algae = ( Eukaryote, Prokaryote )
Bacteria = ( Prokaryote, Eukaryote )

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Frage 9 von 33

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There are 3 types of Archaea:
- Adapted to environments with high salt concentrations
- Archaea which produce methane
- Adapted to environments with extremely high temperatures

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Frage 10 von 33

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Thermus Aquaticus gives rise to which useful genetic enzyme?

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Frage 11 von 33

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Almost all industrial bacteria are members of which two subgroups of Eubacteria?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • Proteobacteria

  • Gram Positive Eubacteria

  • Chlamydia

  • Cyanobacteria

  • Spirochetes

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Frage 12 von 33

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One of the defining features of prokaryotic organisms is membrane bound organelles

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  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 13 von 33

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The genetic material of Prokaryotes is typically found within ( a single circular chromosome of DNA, multiple parallel chromosomes, a number of interconnected plasmids )

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Frage 14 von 33

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Prokaryotes conduct cell division via ( binary fission, mitosis )
Eukaryotes conduct cell division via ( mitosis, binary fission )

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Frage 15 von 33

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Gram ( positive, negative ) organisms have 1 cell membrane and a thick layer of peptidoglycan
Gram ( negative, positive ) organisms have 2 cell membranes and a thin layer of peptidoglycan in between

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Frage 16 von 33

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The inner membrane of a gram negative organism is also known as the membrane

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Frage 17 von 33

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( Escherichia Coli, Bacillus Subtilis ) is a gram negative bacterium which is a facultative anaerobe commonly used in the production of heterologous industrial microorganisms
( Bacillus Subtilis, Escherichia Coli ) is a gram positive bacterium which is a facultative anaerobe commonly used in the production of industrial enzymes such as amylases and proteases

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Frage 18 von 33

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Eukaryotes are typically ( larger, smaller ) than prokaryotes

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Frage 19 von 33

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In eukaryotes, the nucleus is usually bound within a ( double membrane, single membrane )

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Frage 20 von 33

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The cell walls of eukaryotes consist mainly of
The cell walls of fungi consist mainly of

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Frage 21 von 33

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What are the two broad subgroups of Fungi? (alphabetical order, plural)

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Frage 22 von 33

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Match the subtype of Fungi to its structure:
Mold -
Yeast -

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    Filamentous Hyphae
    Unicellular

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Frage 23 von 33

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Which of the four main classes of Fungi contain the Yeasts?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Phycomycetes

  • Ascomycetes

  • Basidomycetes

  • Deuteromycetes

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Frage 24 von 33

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Microorganisms can be classified into two broad categories based on their energy source:
= Obtain energy by oxidation of organic or inorganic molecules
= Obtains energy via light

Microorganisms can also be classified into two groups based on their carbon source:
= Utilise a wide range of organic molecules as their carbon source
= Utilise CO2 as their sole or primary carbon source

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Frage 25 von 33

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Most fermentation reactions are ( heterotrophic, autotrophic )

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Frage 26 von 33

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are microorganisms that can grow on minimal media containing only carbon and energy sources and basic mineral elements
are microorganisms that require additional organic substances such as amino acids or vitamins

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    Prototrophs
    Auxotrophs

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Frage 27 von 33

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Microbial Growth Kinetics:
= Closed system whereby all nutrients are present at the start of the process.
= Fresh medium is added as the reaction progresses but no old medium is removed.

= Fresh medium is continuously fed into the fermentation vessel but used medium is removed at the same rate, creating optimum conditions for growth.

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    Continuous growth
    Fed-batch growth
    Batch growth
    Intermittent growth

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Frage 28 von 33

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The main difference between Fed-batch and Continuous growth is that:
In ( Fed batch growth, Continuous growth ) the overall volume increases as the reaction progresses
In ( Continuous growth, Fed batch growth ) the overall volume remains constant throughout the reaction

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Frage 29 von 33

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What are the four growth phases of a microorganism?
Phase: This initial phase is characterized by cellular activity but not growth. Cells are placed in media which allows them to synthesize proteins and other molecules necessary for replication however they do not actually divide.
Phase: This is the time when the cells are dividing by binary fission and doubling in numbers after each generation time.
Phase: Available nutrients become depleted and waste products start to accumulate. Bacterial cell growth reaches a plateau, or stationary phase, where the number of dividing cells equal the number of dying cells.
Phase: As nutrients become less available and waste products increase, the number of dying cells continues to rise. The number of living cells decreases exponentially and population growth experiences a sharp decline.

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Frage 30 von 33

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In which growth phase are antibiotics typically most effective?

(See description for details)

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Lag

  • Exponential (Log)

  • Stationary

  • Death

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Frage 31 von 33

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Primary metabolism produces products essential for growth and replication. This comprises the Phases and is also known as .
Secondary metabolism produces products important in ecological and other activities of the cell. This comprises the Phases and is also known as .

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    Trophophase
    Idiophase
    Stationary and Death
    Lag and Exponential

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Frage 32 von 33

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Antibiotics are produced by the ( secondary metabolism, primary metabolism )

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Frage 33 von 33

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The 'Disadvantages of Batch Fermentation' slide (slide 37) seems very examinable. This could easily come up as 'Compare and contrast the different methods of fermentation' e.g. comparing batch and fed-batch to continuous.
Go over and remember a few of the differences, such as:

- Batch fermentation means that the system never achieves a steady state due to the constantly changing conditions of the environment.
- Batch fermentation involves a lot of practical steps and procedures which gives more room for human error and contamination
- Theoretically, the exponential phase in a continuous culture can be extended indefinitely as if you keep providing new material and removing old, used culture material the organism will never run out of nutrients.

Click 'True' to continue.

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  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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