Matthew Coulson
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All 5 of the individual 'Chapters' (lectures) presented in this mornings Bioprocessing session (04/10/2019)

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Matthew Coulson
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Bioprocessing

Bioprocessing

Frage 1 von 31

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The production of genetic mutations via a physical change in DNA is known as

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Frage 2 von 31

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Microorganisms can be used as host for production of recombinant products such as proteins, enzymes, etc.
Microorganisms utilised in this way are known as hosts

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Frage 3 von 31

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Advantages and Disadvantages of various Expression Hosts:
E.coli:
Recombinant protein glycosylated? ( No, Yes )
Recombinant protein exported? ( No, Yes )
Number of potential vectors. ( High, Low )
Expression yields. ( Low, Moderate, High )

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae:
Recombinant protein glycosylated? ( Yes, No )
Recombinant protein exported? ( Yes, No )
Number of potential vectors. ( Low, High )
Expression yields. ( Moderate, Low, High )

Pichia Pastoris:
Recombinant protein glycosylated? ( Yes, No )
Recombinant protein exported? ( Yes, No )
Number of potential vectors. ( Low, High )
Expression yields. ( Moderate, Low, High )

Bacillus:
Recombinant protein glycosylated? ( No, Yes )
Recombinant protein exported? ( Yes, No )
Number of potential vectors. ( Low, High )
Expression yields. ( High, Moderate, Low )

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Frage 4 von 31

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One of the main advantages of E.coli is that it is a gram negative bacteria and thus produces many which are undesirable in the resulting product.

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Frage 5 von 31

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A system according to which successive batches of product (e.g. a vaccine) are prepared using the same master compound is called a system.

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Frage 6 von 31

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The first generation of amplified cells from one of the cells from a master seed are typically known as a seed. From this, a seed is taken and it is from this seed that the product is yielded.

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Frage 7 von 31

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Typically, a product should be produced by a seed no further than ( 5, 3, 4, 6 ) generations from the master seed.

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Frage 8 von 31

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A master seed lot must be kept sterile at all times.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 9 von 31

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A common form of storage of a master seed is in liquid nitrogen at or below around 70 degrees celsius.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 10 von 31

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A ( colony forming, colony expansion, colony streak, colony progenitor ) unit is a unit used to estimate the number of viable bacteria or fungal cells in a sample.

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Frage 11 von 31

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Different types of media are used to isolate or identify particular
organisms:
media allow certain types of organisms to grow, and inhibit
the growth of other organisms
media are used to differentiate between closely related organisms or
groups of organisms.

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Frage 12 von 31

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media are essentially solutions of buffers with carbohydrates designed to preserve the viability of bacteria during transfer between locations without allowing their multiplication. The primary objective of the use of the this medium is to maintain the specimen as near its original state as possible.

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Frage 13 von 31

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or freeze drying is a process in which water is removed from a product after it is frozen and placed under a vacuum, allowing the ice to change directly from solid to vapor without passing through a liquid phase.

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Frage 14 von 31

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Which of the following methods of preserving cultures allows the cultures to be stored indefinitely?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • Lyophilization

  • Liquid nitrogen storage

  • Storage at -70 degrees celsius

  • Freeze in medium with glycerol

  • Large stock tubes

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Frage 15 von 31

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Difference between sterilisation and disinfection:
is the process of freeing an article or a surface from all living microorganisms including viruses and bacterial spores
is the process of freeing an article or a surface from all or some of the living microorganisms but not necessarily the bacterial spores.

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    Disinfection
    Sterilisation

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Frage 16 von 31

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Generally, the preferred method of sterilisation is via ( heat, chemicals, radiation )

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Frage 17 von 31

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Generally, animal derived materials should not be used for culture due to the risk of the protein being present.
This type of protein can trigger normal proteins in the brain to fold abnormally thus causing severe illness in humans.

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Frage 18 von 31

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The presence of Prion proteins in animal material can cause Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in humans, including the human variant of mad cow disease called...

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease

  • Kawasaki Disease

  • Bright's Disease

  • Lambert-Eaton Syndrome

  • Histoplasmosis

  • Diphyllobothriasis

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Frage 19 von 31

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The effect is a regulatory system whereby respiration is repressed by fermentation, except in low sugar conditions. This means that certain organisms, mainly yeasts such as Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, undergo fermentation over respiration when in aerobic conditions as long as they are in a high sugar environment.

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Frage 20 von 31

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Thus, due to the crabtree effect, most fermenters in industry run ( aerobically, anaerobically )

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Frage 21 von 31

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The process by which fermentors have built in tools which allow them to clean themselves following fermentation thus removing the operating costs/potential contamination caused by human cleaning is called

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Frage 22 von 31

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Sterilisation in place is also sometimes necessary in stainless steel fermenters in order to ensure that the vessel is microbiologically clean. This process typically utilises ( high temperature steam, hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, peracetic acid )

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Frage 23 von 31

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One of the main challenges faced by ( Single Use Fermentation, Stainless Steel Fermentation ) is the prospect of leachables and extractables migrating into the product during fermentation.

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Frage 24 von 31

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Comparison between Stainless Steel and Single Use Fermentation:
Conducts fermentation faster = ( Single Use Fermentation, Stainless Steel Fermentation )
Produces more product annually = ( Single Use Fermentation, Stainless Steel Fermentation )
Lower cost for single fermentation = ( Stainless Steel Fermentation, Single Use Fermentation )
Lower lead time to build fermentation plant = ( Single Use Fermentation, Stainless Steel Fermentation )
Significant reduction of cross contamination = ( Single Use Fermentation, Stainless Steel Fermentation )

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Frage 25 von 31

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The upstream processing is the bioprocessing phase in which cell lines are generated. The downstream processing, on the other hand, is the phase that deals with extraction or separation of desired products from the biomass.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 26 von 31

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When removing insolubles from a sample, what is the most common mode of doing so?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Centrifugation

  • Filtration

  • Sedimentation

  • Flocculation

  • Gravity Settling

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Frage 27 von 31

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When isolating the desired product from the fermentation end product, which compound is typically the chief impurity?

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Frage 28 von 31

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After insolubles are removed and the product has been isolated, a process whereby contaminants that resemble the product very closely in physical and chemical properties are separated must occur.
This process is called Product

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Frage 29 von 31

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In terms of centrifugation, bacteria need a ( high, low ) speed whereas yeast cells and filamentous fungi (molds) need a ( lower, higher ) speed

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Frage 30 von 31

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Chromatographic Separation Techniques:
is based on electrostatic interactions between charged protein groups, and solid support material (matrix).
is typically used to separate out enzymes, hormones, antibodies, etc and involves binding of a protein to a matrix via a protein-specific ligand.
separates molecules based on their molecular size using a porous matrix - the path of elution is proportionate to the molecular size.

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    Gel Permeation Chromatography
    Affinity Chromatography
    Ion exchange chromatography
    Thin-layer chromatography
    Column chromatography

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Frage 31 von 31

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Freeze drying, also known as Lyophilization, is the process of removing water from a substance by sublimation, causing it to rapidly change from a ( solid, liquid, gas ) to a ( gas, solid, liquid ), completely bypassing the ( liquid, gas, solid ) stage

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