Developmental Psychology

Continuity vs Discontinuity Debate

Stability vs Change Debate

Baltes' Conceptualisation Model of Development
(3 Influences on Development)

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model
(4 Nested Systems)

Cross-Sectional Study Design: Method, Uses, Evaluation

Longitudinal Study Design: Method, Uses, Evaluation

Cohort Study Design: Method, Uses, Evaluation

Cohort Sequential Study Design: Method, Uses, Evaluation

Nature vs Nurture: Twin, Adoption and Cross-Fostering Studies

Interactions of Nature and Nurture and Sibling Differentiation (Feinberg & Hetherington)

Studies of Heritability
(Taylor et al., Van Ijzendoorn et al.)

DNA Studies: Lakatos et al. (Attachment)

Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

Culture and Anthropology: Cole and Children as Members of a Culture

The Developmental Niche: 3 Major Components

Social Constructionism Definition/
James and Prout's New Paradigm (6 features)

Deconstructing Developmental Psychology

Development of Visual Perception:
Visual Acuity, Visual Tracking and Object Focus, Colour Vision

Testing Perceptual Abilities: Preference Tests
Complexity and Face Patterns (Fantz 1961); Complexity at 1m and 2m (Fantz & Fagan); Curved Outer Contours (Fantz & Miranda)

Testing Perceptual Abilities: Habituation Tests

Testing Perceptual Abilities: Conditioning Studies

Innate Face Perception: Face Panel Studies Progression
(Fantz 1961; Maurer & Barrera 1981; Goren et al. 1975; Johnson et al. 1991)

Innate Face Perception: Twin Studies and Johnson & Morton's 2-Process Model (Vanishing Face Preference)

Innate Face Perception: Reasons for Face Preference (Simion et al.)

Innate Face Perception: Innate Abilities
(Turati et al. 2008; Faroni et al. 2002; Field et al. 1982; Walton et al. 1992; Pascalis et al. 1995; Turati et al. 2006)

Role of Experience in Face Perception:
Human Specialisation (Pascalis et al.) and the Other-Race Effect (Sangrigoli et al. 2005).

Role of Experience in Face Perception: Caregiver Gender (Quinn et al.), Institutionalised Children (Wismer Fries & Pollak), Children Raised in Abusive Environments (Pollak et al. 2000)

Maturation of Face Perception:
Adult Recognition & Face Memory and Main Theories of Maturation

Maturation of Face Perception: Qualitative Changes in Adult Ability
(Inversion, Holistic Processing, Other Cognitive Abilities, Susilo et al. 2013)

Abnormal Face Perception:
ASD, WS and Prosopagnosia

Features of Human Language in Comparison to Animals

Sequence of Language Development: Speech Perception (Prenatal and Neonatal)

Sequence of Language Development:
Word Production Milestones (1-2m, 6-10m, 10m+, 9-12m, 18-24m)

Sequence of Language Development: Multi-Word Speech Milestones (18m, 24-27m, 3y, 5y)

Sequence of Language Development: Pragmatics (Differing Communication by Listener; Convention of Genres; Listener Perspectives)

Language Acquisition World Learning Biases

Barrett's Multi-Route Model of Language Acquisition

Gleitman's Syntactic Bootstrapping Hypothesis of Language Acquisition

Theories of Language Acquisition:
Chomsky's Innate Language Acquisition Device

Theories of Language Acquisition: Cognitive/Constructivist Theories

Theories of Language Acquisition: Cognitive Functional Linguistics

Case Study: Genie Wiley

Object Permanence

Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage: Age and Overview

Piaget's Sensorimotor Substages:
1. Reflex Activity
2. Primary Circular Reactions
3. Secondary Circular Reactions

Piaget's Sensorimotor Substages:
4. Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions

Piaget's Sensorimotor Substages:
5. Tertiary Circular Reactions
6. Internal Representations

Piaget's Observation on Mental Representations
(A not B Error, Goal-Structured Planning and Deferred Imitation)

Critiques of Piaget's Views on Mental Representation

Basic Object Permanence: Changes to the A Not B Experiment
(Butterworth 1977; Smith & Thelen 2003)

Other Indicators of Basic Object Permanence
(Use of Darkness and Violation of Expectation - Bower 1982)

Violation of Expectations: Baillargeon (1985)

Violation of Expectation Studies
(Baillargeon & DeVos 1991; Baillargeon 2004)
Criticisms of VoE

Planning
(Clifton et al. 1991; Claxton et al. 2003; Willatts 1989)

Deferred Imitation Studies:
Meltzoff & Moore 1994
Meltzoff 1995

Deferred Imitation Studies:
Barr et al. 1996
Patel et al. 2013

Gelman & Gallistel's 5 Principles of Counting

Children's Knowledge of Counting Principles
(Knowledge of Children, Age of Attainment and Testing Method)

Children's Knowledge of Counting Principles: Gelman & Meck 1983

Criticisms of Gelman & Meck:
Baroody 1984

Response to Baroody:
Gelman, Meck & Merkin (1986)

Testing Innate Number Concept: Habituation Studies (Xu & Spelke 2000)

Testing Innate Knowledge: Arithmetic (Wynn 1992)

Response to Wynn: Wakeley et al. 2000
Wynn's Response - Methodological Criticisms

Animal and Cultural Studies in Number Concept:
Quantity Estimation, Case Study Evidence, Cultural Number Lines, VoE (Santos et al.) and Monkey Working Memory

Modern Views of Number Concept

Information Processing:
Piaget's Pre-Operational Stage, Conservation Failures and Criticisms

Memory: Atkinson & Shiffrin and Limitations Affecting Conservation

Brainerd 1983 vs Piaget & Inhelder 1951: Memory and Conservation in Piagetian Probability Tasks

Piagetian Perspectives in Comparison to the Information Processing Approach

Developing Attention: Co-developing Skills/Accompanying Studies - Vurpillot 1968 (Windows); Miller & Seier 1994 (Box Labels); Roebers et al. 2010 (Distraction).

Memory Development: Different Encoding Strategies: Rehearsal (Ornstein et al. 1975), Organisation, Elaboration

Memory Development: Retrieval Strategies (Kreutzer et al. 1975; Kobasigawa 1974)
Conclusions on Memory Strategy Development

Metacognition: Definition, Age of Development, Typical Tests

Metacognition Studies:
Flavell et al. 1970 (Recalling Items); Ringel & Springer 1980 (Memory Aids)

Constructive Memory: Definition, Testing, Younger Children's Abilities (Nelson & Gruendel 1981)

Knowledge and Memory: Role of Experience (Chi 1978)

Social Context: Vygotsky
(Culture and Language)

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky: Language and Thought
(External Monologues and Inner Speech)

Bruner's Scaffolding

Vygotskian Learning as Uniquely Human: Social Learning, Cumulative Culture, Imitation Over Emulation, the Cultural Intelligence Hypothesis

Self-Recognition (Lewis & Brooks-Gunn 1979)
Temporal Sense of Self (Povinelli et al. 1996)

Recognition of Others: Person Permanence and Lewis & Brooks-Gunn's Social Dimensions

Emotional Development: Production
Neonates; Basic Primary Emotions; Izard et al. 1987 - Pain and Anger; Secondary Emotions

Emotional Development: Recognising Emotion and Social Referencing Ages

Emotional Intelligence:
Ages of Development; External and Internal Management; Coping Mechanisms and Social Acceptance/Competence.

Harris 1989: Precursors to Understanding Others

Theory of Mind and the False Belief Task (Wimmer & Perner, 1983)

The Sally-Anne Task (Baron-Cohen et al. 1985)
The Smarties Task
Earlier Evidence of ToM

Seeing and Knowing (Masangkay et al. 1974)

Appearance-Reality Distinction (Flavell et al. 1986)

Theory of Mind: Predicting Behaviours at 2y and 3y

Simplified ToM Tasks:
Wellman 2001 Review; Implicit Knowledge; Onishi & Baillargeon 2005 VoE; Southgate & Vernetti 2014 Motor Cortex

The Curse of Knowledge

Other Impacts of ToM Development: Language and Peer/Family Interactions

Further Developments of ToM:
Surprise in False Belief Tasks (Hadwin & Perner 1991).
Peskin 1992: Lying at 3, 4 and 5y

ToM - Levels of Intentionality (Concept and Age)

ToM - Ambiguous Drawing Tasks (Carpendale & Chandler 1996)

How ToM Develops

Prosocial Behaviour Definition

Reasons for Prosociality (Eisenberg 1983)

Prosocial Behaviour: Nature vs Nurture

Development of Prosocial Behaviour

Prosocial Behaviour: Common Experiments and Issues (Zarbatany et al. 1985)

Resolving Methodological Issues in Prosocial Behaviour Studies: Zahn-Waxler et al. 2001

Warneken & Tomasello 2006
+ Criticisms

Factors Influencing Prosocial Development

Moral Reasoning: Piaget's 3 Stages of Understanding - Observations and Cross-Cultural Evidence (Linaza 1984)

Moral Reasoning:
Piaget's Dilemma Methods
Criticisms
Follow-Up Studies (Smetana 1981)

Kohlberg's Moral Development: Building on Piaget and Methods

Kohlberg's Preconventional Level of Moral Reasoning (Stages 1 and 2)

Kohlberg's Conventional Level of Moral Reasoning (Stages 3 and 4)

Kohlberg's Postconventional Level of Moral Reasoning (Stages 5 and 6)

Criticisms of Kohlberg: Methods, Culture (Snarey 1985) and Feminism (Gilligan 1982)

Developmental Disorders:
Definition, Types, Manifestation and Examples

Causes of Developmental Disorders

Early Descriptions of Autism:
Kanner & Asperger (1940s)
Wing & Gould Triad of Impairments (1970s)

Autism Spectrum Disorder: DSM-IV and DSM-V Changes - Spectrums, Sensitivity, and Impact

Autism Spectrum Disorder in the ICD-11

Difficulties in Diagnosing ASD: Variability; Islets of Ability; Gender Gap; Behavioural Criteria Identification; Public Health Scares

Causes of ASD:
Hereditary, Neural and Chromosomal

Executive Function Theory of ASD

Weak Central Coherence Theory of ASD:
Tests and Islets of Ability

Theory of Mind Deficit Theory of ASD: Resulting Social Impairments

ToM and Autism Testing: False Belief Tasks
(Baron-Cohen et al. 1985; Perner 1989)

ToM and ASD Testing:
Baron-Cohen et al. 1986: Story-Order Task
Sodian & Frith 1992: Deception Task

Reasons for Poor ToM Performance:
Non-Mental Representations
(Leslie & Thaiss 1992)

Reasons for Poor ToM Performance:
Curse of Knowledge
(Hughes & Russell 1993 + Criticism)

Limitations to ToM Deficit Theories

Happe 1994: Strange Stories ToM Test for ASD
(+ Criticism)

Subtle Eye-Reading Tests in ToM and ASD: Baron-Cohen et al. 1997 (+ Criticism)

Adolescence and Puberty:
Physical, Neural and Psychological Changes
3 General Stages and Age it Ends

Erikson's Stage Theory and Identity Crisis (Marcia 1966; O'Connell 1976)

Storm and Stress in Adolescence
(Laursen et al. 1998; Rutter et al. 1976)

Young Adulthood (20-40): Peaks and Erikson's Conflict

Middle Adulthood (40-64): Stability and Decline, Career Deveopment and Erikson's Conflict

Late Adulthood (64+): Declines and Erikson's Conflict

Cognition and Ageing:
Piaget's Formal Operations and Kramer's Postformal Thinking

Cognition and Ageing: Cognitive Gains from Adolescence to Young Adulthood (Vetter et al. 2012)

Cognition and Ageing: Stability and Declines from Young to Middle Adulthood
(Seattle Longitudinal Study; Soederberg et al. 2000)

Cognition and Ageing: Declines from Middle to Late Adulthood and Crystallised Knowledge (Finkel et al. 1998)

Cognition and Ageing: Moderators of Age-Related Cognitive Decline (Deary et al. 2012)

Hoffman et al. 2011:
Nurture and Gender Differences

Pascalis et al. 2011: Facial Processing Review:
Automatic Processes; Tanaka-Farah Effect; Trade-Off in Other-Race Effects; Brain Areas in Children and Adults

Turati et al. 2006: Facial Recognition by Inner and Outer Features

Sugita 2009: Innate Face Processing with Monkey Studies, and the Significance of Meltzoff & Moore

Tomasello et al. 1997: Differing Productivity for Nonsense Nouns and Verbs

Doherty-Sneddon 2008: Baby Signing Review:
Definition; Consequences of Language Delays; Benefits of Makaton in SEN; Case Studies and Benefits of BS

Hoff & Tian 2005: SES and Language Development

Baillargeon 2004: Violation of Expectation in Infants Review:
Explanations and Response to Criticism

Schöner & Thelen 2006: Issues with Habituation Studies

Göbel et al 2011: Cultural Effects on Number Concept

Elkind 1967: Criticisms of Piaget’s Writings on Conservation

Guiso et al. 2008: Effects of Culture on Gender Differences in Maths Ability

Birch & Bloom 2007: The Curse of Knowledge in Adults

Song & Baillargeon 2008: False Beliefs and Violation of Expectation

Rehberg & Richman 1989: Environmental Impacts on Prosocial Behaviour

Hur & Rushton 2007: Genetic Effects of Prosocial Behaviour

Research on Mirror Neurons and Empathy:
Rizzolatti et al. 1996; Singer et al. 2004

Happe et al. 2006: Issues with the 3 Impairments in ASD

Oberman et al. 2005: Mirror Neuron Deficits in ASD

Krahn & Fenton 2012: Criticisms of Baron-Cohen's Extreme Male Brain Theory

Salthouse 2012: The Consequences of Cognitive Decline on Societal Functioning

Constantinidou et al. 2014: Moderators of Verbal Learning Decline

Hall et al. 2001: Aerobic Exercise and Executive Function in Older Adults