Chemolithoautrophy

Photolithoautrophy

Chemoheteroautrophy

Chemoorganoheterotrophy

Superoxide anion

Hydrogen peroxide

Hydroxyl radical

All of the above

Diffusion will not allow adequate amounts of a substance to enter the cell

Movement into the cell is against a concentration gradient

The level of nutrients in nature is very low

All of the above

5S

16S

18S

23S

pH

Water potential

Oxygen

All of the above

Phylogenetic probe

Reclassification of misclassified organisms

Defining of a specific group within a domain

All of the above

Bacterial genome is triploid

Bacterial genome is mostly haploid

Bacterial genome is mostly diploid

Bacterial genome is haploid

A plasmid is a regulatory gene

A plasmid is a short RNA molecule

A plasmid is an extra chromosomal DNA molecule

A plasmid is a non coding region found in some bacterial genomes

Have a genome that is a single molecule of nucleic acid

Are enveloped

Encode more proteins in their genomes than those contained in the mature virus particle

Have capsids that are icosahedral in shape

Has a double-stranded DNA genome

Has a capsid that is composed of 240 copies of a single protein

Replicates primarily in the upper respiratory tract

Belongs to the enterovirus genus of the picornavirus family

Superficial mycoses

Dermatophytes

Mycetoma

Ringworms

Susceptible host

Climate change

Active pathogen

Suitable environment

Heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Attenuated live Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium bovis

Attenuated live Mycobacterium bovis

Whooping cough

Polio

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Malaria

Was the first to see microorganisms under a microscope

First to discover and use agar

That there could be life without air

The first chemical antibiotics

20 μm

2 μm

200 nm

20 nm

Both have peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Only some Archaea are capable of methanogenesis

Archaea are sensitive to β-lactam antibiotics

Bacteria have similar RNA polymerase to that of Archaea

It is negatively supercoiled

It is positively supercoiled

There are typically several origins of replication

It consists of over 50 million base pairs

9.3 x 10(7)

9.3 x 10(8)

9.3 x 10(6)

9.3 x 10(5)

Wave-like movement of the flagellum

Rotation of the cell

Rotation of the flagellum in one direction only

Rotation of the flagellum that is reversible

In the oceans

In soils

Under glaciers

In the atmosphere

Biomass acquisition

Reduced vitality

Nucleic-acid replication

Enhanced ability to compete with other microbial species

Addition of benzene

Low water-activity

Refrigeration

Heat-sterilization

It facilitates nutrient cycling and waste degradation

It kills host organisms and thereby averts overpopulation

It facilitates species evolution via endosymbiosis

It involves mineralization of inorganic rocks in the lithosphere

Minimum temperatures

Optimum temperatures

Maximum temperatures

Minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures taken together

Microscopic examination of the staining characteristics of the cell wall

Metabolic characteristics such as the production of methane gas

Ecological characteristics such as the ability to survive extreme temperatures

Molecular characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences

Extreme halophiles

Extreme thermophiles

Methanogens

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules

Light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source

Light as an energy and methane as a carbon source

CO2 as both an energy source and a carbon source

All of the above

Selective medium

Differential medium

Complex medium

Synthetic medium

Psychrophile

Mesophile

Thermophile

Hyperthermophile

Metagenomics is a genome- level study of the whole microbial community

Metagenomics is a genomics of industrially and medically important bacteria

Metagenomics is a study of genes’ expression

Metagenomics is a comparative analysis of the sequenced microbial genomes

Change of DNA structure caused by radiation

Amplification of DNA molecules followed by cell division

Physical exchange between DNA molecules

Process resulting in protein synthesis

Enter cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis

Replicate their genomes in the nucleus of the cell

Replicate their genomes in the cytoplasm of the cell

Surround their progeny genomes with capsid proteins inside infected cells

An icosahedral capsid

A helical capsid

Multiple copies of each of four proteins making up the capsid

Multiple copies of two proteins making up the capsid

Soil

Animals

Plants

Humans

Occur at some distance from the point of infection

Normally occur close to the site of active infection

Are an ideal place to isolate the causal organism

Never occur at the same time as primary symptoms

Plague

Leprosy

Small pox

Polio

Antigen

Antibody

Phagocyte

Lipopolysaccharide

Bacterial cells do not contain mitochondria

Bacterial cells are always larger than eukaryote cells

Bacteria do not contain a chromosome

Eukaryotic cells are sensitive to β-lactam antibiotics

The isolation of a bacterium in culture from an infection alone indicates that it caused the disease

Isolation and cultivation of a microorganism from a diseased animal, then inoculation into another healthy animal to cause the same disease, followed by re-isolation of the same microorganism, indicates that it is the cause of the disease

The observation of virus particles in tissue from a human with disease indicates that it has caused the disease

Inoculation of a bacterium into an animal and observation of disease alone indicates that it is the cause of the disease observed

LPS is found in Gram positive cells

LPS is found in Gram negative cells in the cytoplasmic membrane

LPS is found in the outer-membrane of Gram negative cells.

LPS is found inside all bacterial cells

5.7 x 10(7)

5.7 x 10(8)

5.7 x 10(6)

5.7 x 10(5)

With respect to differences between members of the archaeal and bacterial domains/kingdoms, which is the CORRECT statement?

Only some Archaea are capable of methanogenesis

Archaea are sensitive to β-lactam antibiotics

Bacteria have similar RNA polymerase to that of Archaea

There are multiple molecules of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls

Only Gram positive cells possess peptidoglycan

There is only a single molecule of peptidoglycan in a bacterial cell wall

Peptidoglycan is only found in Gram negative cell walls

So that they can be inoculated with symbiotic yeast species

To avoid imbalances in the microbial ecology of indigenous flora

To avoid accidental contamination with fungal spores

So that clinical microbiologists can study the impact on the current generation

Proteomics

Use of restriction enzymes

Gene sequencing

Studies of signal-transduction pathways

Generation of data from biological experiments

Mathematical quantification of changes in cell components

Creation of a model of the cellular system in silico

Creation of a conceptual model based on philosophical techniques

Some species of yeasts are highly tolerant to ethanol stress

Some species of fungi are extremely xerophilic

Many fungi are more tolerant to water stress than any bacterial species

Fungi can grow over the entire pH range from 0 to 14

Can survive dry conditions

Can grow only when there is a mixture of stress parameters (e.g. high temperatures and low pH)

Can grow optimally under extreme conditions

Becomes dormant under extreme conditions