What carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns blood to the heart?
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary circuit
Which side of the heart receives oxygen-poor blood?
Right side
Both sides
To where in the body does the systemic circuit supply blood?
The organs
The arteries
What two major arteries return oxygen poor blood to the right side of the heart?
Pulmonary trunk and ciliac trunk
Superior and inferior vena cava
What cavity is the heart located in?
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
What is located in the mediastinum, between the lungs and deep to the sternum?
The heart
The diaphragm
What is the bottom of the heart called?
Apex
Aorta
Also called the parietal pericardium, this is a fibrous layer of dense irregular CT and deep serous layer.
Pericardial sac
pericarial infarction
The epicardium (serous membrane on the external surface of the heart) is also called what?
Epicardial sac
Visceral pericardium
What is the space between the parietal and visceral membranes called?
Pericardial cavity
Pericarial sac
What are the three layers of the heart wall?
Epicardium, endocardium and pericardium
Epicardium, endocardium and myocardium
Folds in the plasma membrane that interlock cells are called what?
Interlocked discs
Intercalated folds
What is the function of a mechanical junction?
Tightly join cells and prevent them from pulling apart when they contract
Tightly join cells and help them break apart when they contract
Channels that allow ions to flow from the cytoplasm of one cell into the next are called what?
Electrical/gap junctions
Electric slide
Cardiocytes are right in what three things?
Myoglobin, glycogen and mitochondria
Myoglobin, glycogen and ATP
Collagen and elastic fibers that provide structural support, anchor cardiocytes and electrically insulate chambers are called the...
Fibrous skeleton
Fiber skeletal
Which receives blood returning to the heart by way of the great veins?
Atria
Ventricles
What is an auricle?
Ear-like extension, increases atrial volume
Wall that separates the atria
Which ejects blood into the arteries?
Groove that encircles the heart between the atria and ventricles and contains blood vessels...
Coronary AV sulcus
Interventricular sulci
Anterior and posterior grooves that overlie the IV septum and contains blood vessels...
Interatrial sulci
Wall between the ventricles
Interatrial septum
Interventricular septum
What is the purpose of valves?
Ensure the one-way flow of blood
There is no purpose
Which valves regulate the opening between the atria and the ventricles?
Atrioventricular AV valves
Interventricular IV valves
The _____ connect valve cusps to papillary muscles, preventing flipping or bulging of the cusps
Tendons
Tendinous cords
Semilunar SL valves...
Regulate the flow of blood from the ventricles to the large arteries
Regulate the flow of blood from the lower limbs back to the heart
Which valve controls the opening from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk?
Pulmonary SL valve
Which valve controls the opening from the left ventricle into the aorta?
Aortic SL valve
Ventricular SL valve
Failure of a valve to prevent backwards flow of blood?
Valvular stenosis
Valve insufficiency
When the cusps are stiffened and the opening is constricted by scar tissue, this is called what?
Regurgitation of blood through and insufficient valve
Murmur
Mumble
What is mitral valve prolapse?
When the mitral valve closes before it's expected to
When one or more left AV valve cusps bulge into the atrium during ventricular contraction
What is the meaning of myogenic?
Signal originates within the heart
Signal targets the heart
Initiates each heartbeat and determines the heart rate
Sinoatrial SA node -- the pacemaker
Autorhythmic
Receives signal from the SA node and directs it to the ventricles
Antroventricular AV node
Atrioventricular AV bundle
Nervelike processes that arise from the ends of the bundle
Perkins fibers
Purkinje fibers
The _____ rhythm is the NORMAL heartbeat triggered by the SA node (70-80 bpm)
Sinus
Coronary
AV node takes over the heart rhythm is SA node is damaged, called the _____ rhythm
Nodal
In the SA node, a slow inflow of Sodium (Na) causes gradual depolarization. This is called...
Pacemaker physiology
Pacemaker potential
When the pacemaker potential reaches threshold, _____ channels open and _____ flows in, producing rapid depolarization
Calcium (Ca)
Potassium (K)
At peak, _____ channels open and _____ leaves the cell, causing repolarization
Once the potassium channels close, what happens to the pacemaker potential?
Nothing
It starts over
An ECG or electrocardiogram is a composite recording of what?
All the action potential produced by the heart
The German spelling
A pressure difference between two points causes a fluid to flow from _____ pressure to _____ pressure (pressure gradient)
High; Low
Low; High
What are the four phases of the cardiac cycle?
-Ventricular filling -Isovolumetric contraction -Ventricular ejection -Isovolumetric relaxation
-Ventricles fill -Blood stays -Ventricles eject -Blood leaves
The amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in ONE minute
Cardiac arrest
Cardiac output
WHAT increases both heart rate and stroke volume?
McDonalds
Exercise
Resting heart rate ABOVE 100 bpm; resting heart rate BELOW 60 bpm
Tachycardia; Bradycardia
Bradycardia, Tachycardia
Where are the cardiac centers located?
Medulla oblongata
Medullary
What is the cardiostimulatory effect?
Stimulation of the cardiac muscle
Transmission of signals by way of the SNS to the SA node, AV node and myocardium to speed up the HR
What is the cardioinhibitory effect?
Stopping the heart
Transmission of signals by way of the vagus nerve to the SA and AV nodes to slow the HR
Which receptors send signals to the medulla in response to bp changes?
Baro
Chemo
Which receptors send signals to the medulla in response to increase CO2, H or O2 to increase HR?
Chem
Hyperkalemia is what?
Too much potassium in the blood
Too little potassium in the blood
Hypocalcemia is what?
Too little calcium in the blood
Too much calcium in the blood
