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What is microbiology?
What are microorganisms?
What is cell differentiation?
What are some of the techniques in microbiology?
What is biochemistry used for in microbiology?
What is the advantage of using molecular and genetic techniques over cultures?
Why is microbiology so important?
List the structures that ALL cells have.
If microbial cells don't have mitochondria, where is energy produced?
What is a genome
What is a chromosome?
What is a plasmid?
Why are plasmids so important?
What are the 3 categories of microorganisms?
What are the two major groups of eukaryotic microbes?
What are protists?
What are the different types of protists?
What are the different types of fungi
What is binary fission?
How are prokaryotes different from the eukaryotes?
What are the 2 major groups of prokaryotes?
Are archaea bacteria pathogenic?
What are viruses?
Why are viruses so small?
What is LUCA?
Compare the SSU rRNA gene sizes
What are the steps involved in sequencing rRNA genes?
What does PCR stand for and what is it?
What are the three domains of life?
How do you define species in microbiology?
In order to classify species, these guidelines must be followed:
What type of classification do microbiologists use?
Who is Robert Hooke?
What is the first tenet of cell theory?
Who is Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
Who is Loius Pasteur?
What is pasteurization?
How did Louis Pasteur prove the supporters of spontaneous generation wrong?
What was the main argument against Louis Pasteur's method for keeping his solutions microbe-free?
List Koch's postulates
Why do we use agar as a growth medium?
Which method do we use to create a pure culture?
What is the downside to the streak plate technique?
Which techniques do we use to determine the quantity of microorganisms?
How are spread and pour plate techniques different?
What is the formula for calculating a titre?
What does cfu stand for?
To be considered statistically significant, plates must have...
What are the different types of light microscopy?
Define magnification.
Define resolution.
What is the limiting component of light microscopy?
How does wavelength affect resolution?
What are some ways to improve contrast for light microscopy?
How are basic and acidic dyes different?
What is a chromophore?
What specifically does the Gram stain target?
What is a gram positive cell?
What is a gram negative cel?
What does a phase-ring microscope do?
What is a dark-field microscope used for?
What is a fluorescent microscope used for?
Which techniques can we used to see cells in three dimensions?
What is an advantage to using CSLM?
What are the two types of e electron microscopes?
What are some disadvantages to TEM?
How do TEM and SEM differe?
Even though they're both prokaryotes, how do bacteria and archaea differ?
What are the main types of cell shapes?
What are the advantages to small cell size?
What is the function of a cell membrane?
What is the difference between integral membrane proteins and peripheral membrane proteins?
What is the main different between bacterial and archeaal membranes?
Besides providing a barrier between the cytoplasm and the environment, what are some functions of the cell membrane?
What are the three major classes of transport systems in prokaryotes?
Define simple transport.
Define group translocation.
Define ABC transport.
Define uniport.
Define symport.
Define antiport.
What is the periplasm?
Since gram positives don't have periplasm, what do they use instead?
What does the "ABC" in ABC transport stand for?
What types of proteins are involved in ABC transport?
What is the major function of t cell walls of archaea and bacterial cells
How does the cell wall help in pathogenicity?
How do the cell wall layers differ between gram-positive and -negative bacteria?
How are peptidoglycan molecules linked in gram-positive and -negative bacteria?
What is peptidoglycan made of?
Why is peptidoglycan often are target for antibiotics?
What is the peptidoglycan interbridge in gram-positive cells made up of?
What makes up gram-positive cell walls?
What are some classes of bacteria that lack peptidoglycan?
What is another name for the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria?
What is the LPS made out of?
What's so special about lipid A in the LPS layer?
How does penicillin work to prevent bacterial cell walls from synthesizing?
Where does the crosslinking of peptidoglycan molecules occur?
What do archaeal cell walls have instead of peptidoglycan?
How is pseudomurein different from peptidoglycan?
What makes archaeal cell walls immune to lysozymes?
Other than cell walls made of pseudomurein, what other wall structure do archaeal cells have?
Why are archaeal cells resistant to lysozymes and penicillin?
What is a proroplast?
What are the main functions of proteins?
What is the nucleoid?
What are some uses for capsules and slime layers?
What is the difference between capsules and slime layers?
What are fimbriae?
What are pili?
What are some storage structures that can be found in the cytoplasm?
Why do some cells have gas vesicles?
What are endospores?
Do archaeal cells form endospores?
Which type of bacterial cell form endospores?
What are the protective features of an endospore?
What are the stages of endospore formation?
Can you see flagella with normal staining?
Define monotrichous.
Define amphitrichous.
Define lophotrichous
Define peritrichous
What is the basic structure of a flagellum?
What is a flagellum's filament section made out of?
What layers must a basal body of a flagellum pass through?
What powers a flagellum?
What do mot proteins do?
How do flagella move?
Besides flagellar movement, what is another type of locomotion for cells?
Define taxis.
Define chemotaxis
Define phototaxis
Define aerotaxis
Define osmotaxis
Define hydrotaxis
How big are prokaryotic cells, typically?
What is a macronutrient?
What are the inorganic macronutrients needed by cells?
What is the main purpose of inorganic macronutrients?
When preparing culture media, which macronutrients should be considered?
What are micronutrients?
Which is the most abundant element in the cell (by mass)?
What are growth factors?
What are the three types of growth factors?
Which are purines and which are pyrimidines?
What are vitamins?
What is a limiting nutrient?
What is assimilatory sulfate reduction?
What are heterotrophs?
What are autotrophs?
What is a defined medium?
What is a minimal medium?
What is a complex medium?
What is a differential medium?
What is a selective medium?
What is an enriched medium?
What is metabolism?
What is catabolism?
What is anabolism?
What are chemoorganotrophs?
What are chemolithotrophs?
What are phototrophs?
What is generation time?
Bacteria have ____ generation times compared to eukaryotic microbes.
What type of growth is shown by bacteria when there are no limiting factors?
How do you calculate the number cells present in a culture after a period of exponential growth?
How do you calculate growth rate (k)?
How do you calculate generation time?
What is a batch culture?
What are the four phases that characterize the growth curve for cells in a closed system?
What is the lag phase?
What is the exponential phase?
What is the stationary phase?
What is the death phase?
What is a continuous culture?
What is the most common type of continuous culture device?
What is dilution rate?
What are some ways to count microbial cells?
What are the limitations of microscopic counts?
What is viable cell counts?
What is the great plate anomaly and what causes this?
What are indirect methods of counting cells?
What method of counting cells does not disturb the sample?
What is one problem with turbidity measurements at high concentrations, and how can we avoid it?
What are some issues with optical density?
Define cardinal temperature
Define minimum temperature
Define optimum temperature.
Define maximum temperature.
What are the different temperature classes of microorganisms?
Which temperature class do pathogens fall under?
Define extremophiles.
What is the difference between a -phile and a -tolerant?
What are some adaptations that psychrophiles have for living in the cold?
Which would work better in the cold: unsaturated or saturated fatty acids?
What are some adaptations that thermophiles have for living in the heat?
What are the classes of microorganisms based on pH levels?
Are acidophiles and alkaliphiles actually different from neutrophiles?
Define water activity (Aw)
Define halophilic.
What is the difference between halotolerant and extreme halophiles?
Define osmophiles.
Define xerophiles.
What are the different classes of microorganisms based on oxygen?
Define obligate aerobe.
Define strict anaerobes.
Define facultative aerobes.
Define aerotolerant anaerobe.
Define microaerophile.
What would you need in order to grow anaerobic microbes?
What are some toxic forms of oxygen that can be formed in the cell?
What are some enzymes that can convert toxic forms of oxygen to harmless water?
