Theory of how the self emerges from human interaction that involves people trading symbols (through language and gesture) that are usually consensual and represent abstract properties rather than concrete objects.
Social identity (p. 129)
Symbolic interactionism (p. 120)
Self-Awareness (p. 122)
Social Identity Theory (p. 132)
The self-derived from seeing ourselves as others see us.
Looking-glass self (p. 121)
Actual self (p. 125)
Public self (p. 123)
Self-Presentation (p. 146)
Self in terms of idiosyncratic traits and close personal relationships.
Private self (p. 123)
Personal identity (p. 129)
Self in terms of group memberships.
Self-schema (p. 123)
State in which you are aware of yourself as an object.
Self-Knowledge (p. 123)
Self-Assessment (p. 135)
Self-promotion (p. 145)
Your private thoughts, feelings and attitudes.
Objective self-awareness (p. 122)
How other people see you, your public image.
Comparisons between how you actually are and how you would like to be.
Self-discrepancy theory (p. 125)
Self-assessment (p. 135)
Self-verification (p. 135)
What we know about ourselves and the construction of a sense of who we are.
Information about the self.
Personal Identity (p. 129)
Self-Schema (p. 123)
Social Identity (p. 129)
A theory that proposes three types of self-schemas.
Social Comparison Theory (Festinger) (p. 128)
Self-Perception Theory (Bem) (p. 127)
Self-Discrepancy Theory (p. 125)
How we currently are.
Actual Self (p. 125)
Ideal Self (p. 125)
Ought Self (p. 125)
Private Self (p. 123)
How we would like to be.
Public Self (p. 123)
How we think we should be.
A theory proposing that we gain knowledge of ourselves only by making self-attributions.
Self-Categorisation Theory (p. 132)
When obvious external behaviour determinants are absent, free choice of behaviour due to enjoyment is assumed.
Overjustification effect (p. 127)
Strategic Self-Presentation (p. 145)
A theory proposing that we learn about ourselves through comparisons with others.
Categorising oneself as a group member and internalising the evaluation of the group.
Name-dropping to link yourself with desirable people or groups and thus improve other people’s impression of you.
BIRGing (Basking in Reflected Glory) (p. 129)
Self-Enhancement (p. 135)
Expressive Self-Presentation (p. 146)
Theory of group membership and intergroup relations based on self-categorization, social comparison and the construction of a shared self-definition in terms of ingroup defining properties.
When a specific social identity is psychologically important for one’s own self identity.
Social Identity Salience (p. 132)
Motivation to secure self-knowledge.
Self-Esteem (p. 139)
Integration (p. 666)
Self-Motives (p. 134)
Motive to have accurate and valid information about self.
Motive to seek self-consistent information.
Self-Verification (p. 135)
Motive to seek new favourable information about self.
Feelings about and evaluations of oneself.
By identifying with a group, that group’s prestige and status in society attaches to one’s self-concept. (BIRGing at a group level)
Self-Esteem and Social Identity (p. 140)
A deliberate effort to act in ways that create a particular impression, usually favourable, of ourselves.
Self-Promotion (p. 145)
Focus on manipulating others perception of one’s self.
Trying to persuade others that you are competent.
Ingratiation (p. 145)
Intimidation (p. 145)
Exemplification (p. 145)
Supplication (p. 145)
Trying to get others to like you.
Trying to get others to fear you.
Trying to get others to think of you as morally respectable.
Trying to get others to pity you as helpless or needy.
Demonstrate and gain validation through own actions.
A set of cognitions and practices that characterise a specific social group and distinguish it from others.
Culture (p. 642)
Cross-Cultural Psychology (p. 640)
Marginalisation (p. 666)
Explores cross-cultural western psychological theory validations, culture-specific psychological constructs, universally relevant psychology evolution.
Contrast between psychological constructs that are relatively culture-universal and those that are relatively culture-specific.
Etic and Emic Perspectives (p. 645)
Intercultural Contact (p. 662)
Managing Cultural Diversity (p. 671)
Emphasises the independent self in terms of one’s relations and roles relative to other people.
Individualistic Culture (Western cultures) (p.654)
Collectivist Culture (Eastern Cultures) (p. 654)
The self as an individual.
Independent Self (p. 651)
Interdependent Self (p. 651)
Enriching experience to conflict.
Melting Pot (p. 671)
Total Assimilation (p. 671)
Separation (p. 666)
Emphasises the interdependent self in terms of one’s relations and roles relative to other people.
Acculturation (p. 666)
The self as a group.
Including accents and speech style.
Non-Verbal Behaviour (p. 663)
Language Barrier
Lassiez-Faire (p. 671)
Display rules and kinesics.
Overjustification Effect (p. 127)
The process whereby individuals learn about the rules of behaviour characteristic of another culture.
Maintain home culture but relate to the dominant culture.
Assimilation (p. 666)
Surrender home culture and adopt dominant culture.
Maintain home culture and feel isolated by dominant culture.
Surrender home culture and fail to relate to the dominant culture.
Assimilation whereby minorities abandon their heritage and adopt host culture.
Active (p. 671)
Assimilation whereby minorities assimilate and may modify host culture.
Cultural pluralism whereby cultural diversity persists without planning.
Cultural pluralism whereby cultural diversity exists though planning.
