From the podcast over Unit 10, Lycophytes and Monilophytes have very few interactions with . Also, the we use today is made up of compressed Lycophyte "trees"
Spores: -Produced from ❌ -Germinate to make ❌ -❌ food source Seeds: -Produced from ❌ -Germinate to make ❌ -❌ food source
Label each image.
❌ help release spores
❌ = asexual reproduction
Label the life cycle.
Lid comes off ❌, ❌ teeth open to help disperse ❌.
Label the life cycle
❌ = bisexual gametophyte ❌ = male gametophyte and female gametophyte
Annulus cells eject from sporangium.
Label
Bryophytes, Lycophytes, & Monilophytes: -❌ -Produce ❌ -Requires water (❌) -Gametophytes ❌ Gymnosperms & Angiosperms: -❌ -Produce ❌ -Doesn’t require water -Male gametophyte ❌ -Female gametophyte ❌
Gymnosperms: -Male cones vs. female cones -Wind ❌, animal ❌ -No ❌ = no ❌ (fleshy arils) Angiosperms: -❌ = fruit -Wind/❌/animal pollinated -❌: 1. Egg + sperm = ❌ 2. Polar nuclei + sperm = ❌
Pollination vs. Fertilization = transfer of pollen from male parts of plant to female parts = joining of sperm and egg
Label the parts of an angiosperm flower.
What are characteristics of wind pollinated flowers?
Small, dull flowers
Lots of pollen - less direct transfer
Anthers and stigma hang on the outside of flower
Colorful, fragrant flowers
Less pollen - more direct transfer
Nectar rewards
What are characteristics of animal pollinated flowers?
Anthers and stigma hang outside of flower
Ovary = fruit, Ovule = seed
Dehiscent vs. Indehiscent splits open at maturity doesn’t split open at maturity
SEEDS Gymnosperm -❌ cotyledons -Storage ❌ Dicot -❌ cotyledons -Endosperm absorbed during ❌ -Storage ❌ -❌ -❌-rich Monocot -❌ cotyledons -Endosperm absorbed during ❌ -Storage ❌ -❌ -❌-rich
Seeds
What are the characteristics of a small seed?
Plant can produce more
Quicker to ripen and disperse
Less food reserves
Absorb water faster
Plant produces less
More food reserves
Problems fully hydrating
What are the characteristics of a large seed?
Seed Formation: 1. ❌ – zygote becomes embryonic plant 2. ❌ -Accumulation of food reserves -❌ (up to 90% water loss) -Seed coat hardening 3. ❌ – resting state
What breaks quiescence (resting state until environment is favorable) and is always required to trigger germination?
Sufficient water
Sufficient oxygen
Optimum temperature
Light
Scarification
Stratification
Fire
What breaks dormancy (additional layer on top of quiescence that has to be broken by specific trigger in order for seed to germinate) and is sometimes required to trigger germination?
Seed Germination: 1. ❌ 2. ❌ 3. ❌
Which plant hormone has the following characteristics? Cell elongation Tropic bending Apical dominance Root growth *Highest concentration at SAM
Auxin
Cytokinin
Gibberellin
Abscisic acid
Ethylene
Which plant hormone has the following characteristics? Cell division Delay senescence Shoot formation *Highest concentration at RAM
Abscisic Acid
Which plant hormone has the following characteristics? Internode elongation Break seed dormancy *Water-insoluble
Which plant hormone has the following characteristics? Seed dormancy Stomatal closure *Produced by stressed tissue *Water-soluble
Which plant hormone has the following characteristics? Fruit ripening Abscission Senescence *Produced by wounded/aging tissue *Only gaseous hormone
Which of the following are growth promoters rather than growth inhibitors? (Promoters occur at the beginning of lifecycle whereas inhibitors occur at the end of lifecycle.)
What are the characteristics of nastic movements?
Quick response, reversible
Response independent of direction of stimulus
Turgor changes
Slow response, growth
Response dependent on direction of stimulus
Cell division, elongation
What are the characteristics of tropisms?
TROPISMS ❌ = growth towards the stimulus ❌ = growth away from the stimulus
❌: gravity ❌: water, can be obscured by gravitropism response ❌: touch ❌: light
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