Evolution

Natural Selection

adaptive radiation

speciation

artificial selection

homologous structures

analogous

convergent evolution

Ecological niche

founder effect

bottleneck effect

genetic drift

gene flow

sexual dimorphism

allopatric speciation

sympatric speciation

rooted phylogenetic tree

polytomy

sister taxa

biological species concept

macroevolution

microevolution

intersexual selection

punctuated equilibria

Gradualism

autopolyploid

allopolyploid

heterochrony

paedomorphosis

homeotic gene

monophyletic

paraphyletic

polygenic inheritance

shared ancestral character

shared derived character

Carolus Linnaeus

Cuvier - Geologist

Hutton - Geologist

Lyell - Geologist

Hutton + Lyell

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Adaptive Radiation example

Theory of Evolution in three words......

Geologists and Biologists that came before Darwin

Darwin’s Observations and Inferences

Observation 1

Darwin’s Observations and Inferences

Observation 2

Darwin’s Observations and Inferences

Observation 3

Darwin’s Observations and Inferences

Observation 4

Darwin’s Observations and Inferences

Inference 1

Darwin’s Observations and Inferences

Inference 2

How long does artificial selection take?

How long does Natural Selection take?

Natural selection works on

Evidence – For Descent w/ Modification

How old is the Earth?

Evidence – Biogeography

Endemic

Pangaea

Analogous traits arise

Convergent evolution does NOT

Darwin's Theory

A theory of Science is based on.....

Genes

Genotype

Phenotype

Does Genotype always lead to Phenotype?

Species

Population

Evolution works on.....

Natural Selection works on ...

Microevolution works on ....

Three main causes that drive genetic changes

Sources of Genetic Variation

Point Mutation

Source of most genetic variation

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

What does the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium formula state?

Calculate p allele

4 Key Points of Genetic Drift

Relative Fitness

3 Modes of Selection

Directional Selection

Disruptive Selection

Stabilizing selection

Sexual selection

What can sexual selection result in?

Male showiness

The good genes hypothesis suggests...

What do you need in order to distinguish species?

Reproduction Isolation

Reproduction Isolation Purpose

Prezygotic barriers

Postzygotic barriers

Morphological species

Ecological species

Phylogenic species

What has a high degree of allopatric speciation?

Two forms of Polyploidy

Patterns with Hybrid Zones

Rate of Speciation

Two things that Rate of Speciation tells us...

How Old is the Earth?

Origin of Earth

Earliest evidence of life on Earth?

Ribozymes

Sedimentary Rocks

The fossil record reveals....

Fossil Types

Sedementary Strata

Radiometric Dating

Half-life of an isotope

What happens to a "parent" isotope?

Age of prokaryotes

Age of oxygen

Age of Eukaryotes

Age of Cambrian Explosion

Age of Colonization of Land

Age of Jurassic

First single celled organisms

Multicellularity (1.5bya)

Evidence for Endosymbiont Model

First Eukaryotes (2.1bya)

Oxygenic Pathway (2.7bya)

Cambrian Explosion

Land Colonization (500mya)

Affecting Life on Earth

Continental Drift

If all the continents come together what two significant things would
happen?

Evolutionary Trends

Evolutionary Novelties

Systemics

Phylogeny

Correct way to write Scientific names

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Example of a rooted tree

Cladogram

Shared primitive character

Ingroup

Outgroup

Phylograms

Ultrametric trees

How does an Ultrametric tree differ from a phylogram?

Hypothesis for the origin of life on Earth

Is evolution goal oriented?

The Endosymbiotic Theory

Environmental challenges of living on land

What type of mutation plays the most important role in increasing the number of genes in the gene pool?

Which of the following is the best example of gene flow?

Which of the following reproductive barriers actually prevents individuals of closely related species from copulating successfully?

Mutations in what class of genes have probably been responsible for many of the changes leading to the great diversity of life existing today?

There are two groups of pine trees that appear to be very similar phenotypically and genotypically. However, one releases pollen in January, when the female structures of that group are receptive, and one in March. What kind of reproductive barrier is this?

How did some strains of Staphylococcus aureus become resistant to antibiotic drugs?

Lyell's principle of unifomitarianism _______?

In Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 represents ____________?

Selection that acts over evolutionary time to preserve traits that increase an individuals ability to mate is known as _______?

In the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 1 represents ______________?

What is the name of the theory that suggests that eukaryotic organisms evolved from engulfing prokaryotic organisms and then creating an obligate relationship with them?

What is the term given to an organism that becomes able to reproduce (accelerated reproductive development) before the body is an adult (somatic development).

Scientific names (Genus species) are better to use than common names because they clear up ambiguities, particularly misunderstandings based on language barriers

Show the events of life on Earth in the correct order.

cephalic index or cranial index

long-headed

Short headed

short-headed

What prevents closely related species from reproducing?

Intrasexual selection

Intersexual selection

Evolution is a process resulting in changes in the ________ of populations over time

correct order from the most broad classification to most specific.

Which of the following i a key observation that must be explained in a unifying theory of life?

The breeding of plants and animals for particular traits by humans is called....

What did Darwin observe about species on islands?

Vestigial organs are ............

During his voyage around the world, Darwin was inspired to think about evolution by............

At the time Charles Darwin sailed on HMS Beagle............

Two lines of evidence to support Darwin's theory of descent with modification in natural populations

On an evolutionary tree.......

In Darwin's view of descent with modification.......

A population of zooplankton is exposed to a small number of predatory fish that feed on the larger-sized (adult) zooplankton. What prediction would most likely occur based on the principles of natural selection?

What insight did Darwin gain from reading Thomas Malthus's essay on human suffering?

The scala naturae, or scale of nature, is based on the ideas of..........

Animals that possess homologous structures probably..............

All know organisms translate genetic information to produce protein molecules via the same genetic code. This finding strongly supports the hypothesis that..........

Evidence from molecular biology supports the theory of evolution by demonstrating that...............

Lyell's principle of uniformitarianism..........

Herbivory

Carolus Linnaeus is considered to be the founder of .......... and he..........

Abiotically produced vesicles display which of the following rudimentary qualities necessary for life?

According to the theory of evolution anatomical and molecular homologies should ______________?

Researchers can use molecular homologies to ________________?

What is the correct order of the geologic eras, from most ancient to most recent?

The modern idea of extinction as a common occurrence in Earth's history was first proposed in the early 19th century writings of ________________?

Birds and mammals have a four-chambered heart, but most reptiles have a three-chambered heart. How does this fact affect the construction of phylogenic trees for these groups?