The functional kidney is associated with which embryonic organ?
Metanephros
Mesonephros
Pronephros
Endonephros
When does urine formation and excretion begin?
At birth
By 3 months’ gestation
By 6 months’ gestation
By 8 months’ gestation
Compared with an adult, an infant has a greater content of extracellular fluid, as well as a greater rate of fluid exchange. What effect does this have on the fluid balance of a child compared with that of an adult?
Edema development is less of a problem.
Overhydration is not difficult to manage.
Daily fluid requirements are greater.
The control of dehydration is more difficult.
What term is used to identify the condition that exists when the urethral meatus is located on the undersurface of the penis?
Hypospadias
Epispadias
Hyperspadias
Chordee
What initiates inflammation in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
Lysosomal enzymes
Endotoxins from Streptococcus
Immune complexes
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)–mediated response
Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) may be accompanied by a positive throat or skin culture for which bacteria?
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Haemophilus
A child with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is voiding smoky, brown-colored urine and asks the healthcare professional to explain what causes it. What explanation by the professional is best?
Presence of red blood cells
Presence of urobilinogen
Slough from the collecting tubules
Protein in the urine
In immunoglobulin G (IgG) nephropathies such as glomerulonephritis, IgG is deposited in which location?
Juxtamedullary nephrons
Glomerulus basement membranes
Mesangium of the glomerular capillaries
Parietal epithelium
What is the pathophysiologic process responsible for the autoimmune disorder of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)?
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) coats erythrocytes that are destroyed by the spleen, and remnants are excreted through the kidneys.
Verotoxin from Escherichia coli is absorbed from the intestines and damages erythrocytes and endothelial cells.
Endotoxins from E. coli block the erythropoietin produced by the kidneys, which reduces the number of erythrocytes produced by the bone marrow.
Failure of the nephron to filter urea increases the blood urea nitrogen, which binds to erythrocytes that are subsequently destroyed by the spleen.
What is the first indication of nephrotic syndrome in children?
Periorbital edema
Scrotal or labial edema
Frothy urine
Ascites
Bacteria gain access to the female urinary tract by which means?
Systemic blood that is filtered through the kidney
Bacteria traveling from the lymph adjacent to the bladder and kidneys
Bacteria ascending the urethra into the bladder
Colonization of the bladder when urine is static
What causes vesicoureteral reflux to occur in children?
Children do not ask for help in urinating in a timely manner, and urine is forced up into the ureters.
The submucosal segment of a child’s ureter is short, making the antireflux mechanism inefficient.
The trigone lying between the opening to the ureters and the urethra is underdeveloped in children.
As the bladder fills in infants and children, it pulls the smooth lining of the transitional epithelium away from the ureters, making the reflux valves ineffective.
What is the mechanism for developing Wilms tumor?
It involves tumor-suppressor genes located on chromosome 11.
Development involves an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern.
Wilms tumor is an autoimmune disorder
The development of a Wilms tumor is a congenital anomaly.
Which anomaly is often associated with Wilms tumor?
Renal anaplasia
Aniridia
Anemia
Hypothyroidism
A healthcare professional has taught a parent group about the causes of enuresis. What statement by a parent indicates the professional needs to give more information?
A maturational lag may cause enuresis
Enuresis may be related to increased light sleep.
Obstructive sleep apnea may be a symptom of enuresis.
Elevated nocturnal levels of vasopressin may cause enuresis.
When does an individual have their full complement of renal nephrons?
At 6 months of age
At puberty
Between the ages 18 and 21 years
