24. Which one of the following neurotransmitters is not associated with the inhibition of aggressive behavior?
A. Dopamine
B. Norepinephrine
C. Serotonin
D. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)
E. Glycine
41. Glutamate is not:
One of the two major amino acid neurotransmitters
An inhibitory neurotransmitter
Involved in learning and memory
The primary neurotransmitter in cerebellar granule cells
A precursor of GABA
46. Which one of the following statements is true regarding neurotransmitters and anxiety?
GABA has nothing to do with anxiety
GABA, norepinephrine, and serotonin are associated with anxiety in some way
Dopamine, glutamate, and histamine are associated with anxiety in some way
Only acetylcholine is associated with anxiety
Anxiety can be treated with injection of epinephrine
93. A 25-year-old man is brought to see you because of a change in personality following a boating accident. He fell off of his boat and landed head first on the dock. He was previously friendly, happy, and high-functioning. Now his speech is pressured and his mood is labile. He has been irresponsible at work and has been fired from his job. His memory is intact. Which one of the following brain areas did he damage?
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Basal ganglia
Substantia nigra
Frontal lobe
97. Which one of the following brain areas is characteristically serotonergic?
Ventral tegmental area
Nucleus accumbens
Cerebellum
Raphe nuclei
99. A patient comes into the emergency room high on cocaine. Which one of the following brain regions would you expect to be most active in terms of the reward he is experiencing from the drug?
Neocortex
Locus ceruleus
3. Which one of the following statements is not true regarding receptors?
Seven-transmembrane-domain receptors require G proteins to open ion channels
In the ligand-gated ion channel receptor, the channel is built into the complex that binds the ligand
Seven-transmembrane-domain receptors have an external NH(2) terminal end and an intracellular COOH terminal end
Nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) bind to seven-transmembrane domain-receptors
Hormones may diffuse into the cell and bind cytoplasmic receptors, which leads to influence over gene expression
33. Which of the following is true regarding norepinephrine (NE) and/or the locus ceruleus?
NE is synthesized in the locus ceruleus
Dopamine is synthesized in the locus ceruleus, NE in the dorsal raphe nuclei
Acetylcholine is synthesized with NE in the substantia nigra
5-HT is synthesized in the locus ceruleus
The locus ceruleus is the site of the formation of serotonin
35. Which one of the following receptor types is associated with weight gain and sedation?
5-HT 2A
α1
5-HT 1A
H1
M1
37. Which of the following is not a biogenic amine neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Epinephrine
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
44. Melatonin is a neuronal hormone that promotes sleep and is produced in the brain by the:
Pineal gland
Anterior pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
91. Which one of the following is not a second messenger?
Adenylyl cyclase
cGMP
Ca2+
cAMP
Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
95. Which one of the following receptor subtypes is associated with the neurotransmitter glutamate?
Nicotinic
Muscarinic
α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)
GABA
97. Which one of the following statements is true regarding excitatory neurotransmitters?
They open anion channels that depolarize the cell membrane and increase the likelihood of generating an action potential
They open cation channels that hyperpolarize the cell membrane and increase the likelihood of generating an action potential
They open cation channels that hyperpolarize the cell membrane and decrease the likelihood of generating an action potential
They open anion channels that hyperpolarize the cell membrane and decrease the likelihood of generating an action potential
They open cation channels that depolarize the cell membrane and increase the likelihood of generating an action potential
117. Which one of the following statements is not true regarding chemical signaling between neurons?
Neurotransmitter synthesis may be stimulated by influx of Ca2+
NE-releasing neurons have presynaptic α receptors, which are involved in a negative feedback system to stop NE release
Once dopamine is released into the synaptic cleft it works until it diffuses away or is removed by reuptake mechanisms
Exocytosis is the process by which neurotransmitter storage vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft
Monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) metabolizes NE and serotonin
125. Which one of the following ions uses the second ion channel to open during an action potential, acts as a second messenger once in the neuron, activates the release of neurotransmitter, and activates ion channels that allow for influx of other ions that halt the action potential?
Na+
K+
Cl−
IP(3)
127. Which one of the following statements is true regarding inhibitory neurotransmitters?
They open chloride channels that depolarize the cell membrane and increase the likelihood of an action potential
They open cation channels that depolarize the cell membrane and increase the likelihood of an action potential
They open chloride channels that hyperpolarize the cell membrane and increase the likelihood of an action potential
They open chloride channels that hyperpolarize the cell membrane and decrease the likelihood of an action potential
They open potassium channels that depolarize the cell membrane and decrease the likelihood of an action potential
13. Which one of the following neurotransmitters works as an adjunctive neurotransmitter for glutamate as well as an independent neurotransmitter with its own receptors?
Norepinephrine
Glycine
29. Which one of the following neurotransmitters has large numbers of receptors in the spinal cord, is synthesized primarily from serine, and has been the subject of research involving negative symptom reduction in schizophrenia?
Glutamate
69. Which one of the following brain structures’ dopaminergic neurons have been linked with Tourette’s syndrome and the development of tics?
Caudate
Amygdaloid body
Frontal cortex
Hippocampus
80. Alcohol, benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic agents, and barbiturates all predominantly exert their clinical effects on the brain at which one of the following receptor sites?
Cholinergic nicotinic
NMDA
GABA-A
GABA-B
81. An elderly man comes into his doctor’s office with symptoms of dementia and notable loss of executive functioning. Dysfunction of which one of the following brain regions would be most closely associated with the patient’s loss of executive functioning?
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Frontal lobes
Temporal lobes
93. Which one of the following dopaminergic pathways or areas is associated with the antipsychotic effects of the antipsychotic medications?
Nigrostriatal pathway
Mesolimbic–mesocortical pathway
Tuberoinfundibular pathway
3. Which one of the following is true regarding norepinephrine (NE) and/or the locus ceruleus?
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is synthesized in the locus ceruleus
The locus ceruleus is the site of formation of serotonin
25. The highest rate of synapse formation in the brain takes place during which one of the following time periods?
Adolescence
Weeks 32 to 35 of gestation
Weeks 13 to 26 of gestation
Within the first 6 weeks of gestation
As a toddler
41. Which one of the following receptor subtypes is associated with the neurotransmitter glutamate?
71. Which one of the following is not true regarding the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor?
The NMDA receptor has been linked with learning and memory
The NMDA receptor allows for the passage of potassium only
The NMDA receptor opens only when it has bound two molecules of glutamate and one molecule of glycine
The NMDA receptor can be blocked by physiological concentrations of magnesium
The NMDA receptor can be blocked by PCP
76. Emotional memory localizes to the:
Amygdala
Primary auditory cortex
Nucleus basalis of Meynert
Pons
93. Which one of the following drugs is both an opioid agonist and antagonist?
Aripiprazole
Naltrexone
Buprenorphine
Methadone
Gabapentin
102. Which one of the following neurotransmitters localizes predominantly to the basal forebrain and is responsible for memory, attention, and executive functioning?
NE
108. The GABA-A receptor (the most predominant GABA receptor) is which one of the following
A sodium channel
A chloride channel
A calcium channel
. A potassium channel
A magnesium channel
134. Which one of the following structures is most critical to the formation of memory?
Right frontal lobe
Right parietal lobe
144. Which one of the following answer choices is true regarding aggression?
High levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) serotonin are associated with increased aggression
Serotonin is unrelated to aggression
Low levels of CSF serotonin are associated with increased aggression
Low levels of CSF serotonin are associated with decreased aggression
Low levels of dopamine are associated with increased aggression
Blocking the H1 receptor will lead to which of the following?
Weight gain
Dry mouth
Orthostatic hypotension
Elevated prolactin
Urinary retention
106. Which of the following neurochemical changes would you expect to see in a patient with increased aggression?
Increased serotonin
Decreased dopamine
Decreased testosterone
Decreased GABA
Decreased acetylcholine
43. Which of the following brain pathways starts in the ventral tegmental area and projects to the frontal cortex?
Mesolimbic pathway
Mesocortical pathway
Ventral amygdalofugal pathway
