_______ is the process of self-notes and self-reporting
Introspectionism
Behaviorism
Cognitive Psychology
Self Perception
______ is only studying what we can observe completely
Observational Psychology
___________ uses the experimental methods of psych to study learning how people remember, pay attention, and think.
Experimental Psychology
Information Processing Psychology assumes we can explain cognition using the same concepts we use to explain _______
People
The stock market
Airplanes
Computers
What concepts from Computer Science have made important contributions to the study of Cognitive Psychology?
Mental Representations
Manipulation of Symbols
Decisions based on comparisons of represented values.
Complex procedures made of sequences of simple operations.
Emojis
Spontaneous Combustion
Inputs are received at ______, can be either excitatory (positive) or inhibitory (negative), those from many different synapses on dendrites are combined to determine _____
dendrites, outputs
threshold, inputs
Neurotransmitter synapse
Dendrites, inputs
Output Outputs are all or none: fires only after input reaches ______. Action potential travels full length of axon without losing strength When it reaches end of axon, triggers the release of ______
threshold, neurotransmitters
Inputs, outputs
threshold, synaptic vesicles
potential, neurotransmitters
______ vesicles contain neurotransmitter Action potential causes vesicles to fuse with outer membrane and release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft _______ molecules travel across cleft and attach to receptors on other side.
Synaptic, Neurotransmitter
Input, Output
Output, Input
Neurotransmitter, Synaptic
Aphasia is the
Inability to speak
Inability to recognize objects
Ignoring of some parts of space
inability to perceive color
Agnosia is the
Inability to perceive color
Neglect is:
Achromatopsia is:
Electroencephalogram (EEG):
Excellent temporal and not as good spatial resolution because electrical signals from several neurons all combined together
Shows precise image of brain, shows structure NOT function
Excellent temporal and spatial resolution BUT putting electrode through skull
X-ray Computer Tomography (CAT)
Single-Cell Recording:
Positron Emission Tomography (PET):
Function NOT structure, okay spatial BAD temporal resolution
Structure NOT function, shows map of fat/water
Primarily function, measures blood flow
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Hindbrain:
Heart rhythm, breathing, posture, balance; Cerebellum
Coordinating movements, eye movements, auditory info
Hypothalamus, limbic system, thalamus, cortex
Midbrain
Forebrain:
Frontal Lobe:
Planning, working memory, motor control
Spatial location, manipulating objects, touch
Object recognition, LTM, auditory processing
Early visual processing
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe:
Occipital Lobe
Cones are ______ sensitive to light and there are/is _____ type. More heavily represented in ______
less, three, fovea
more, one, periphery
more, two, pupil
less, five, superior colliculus
Rods are ______ sensitive to light and there are/is _____ type. More heavily represented in ______
less, two, pupil
more, five, superior colliculus
Colorblindness is due to:
Which cones are present
Injury
Which rods are present
Because my mom said so
Information from one side of the visual field is routed to the _____ side of the brain.
contralateral
lateral
retinal
both
The superior colliculus is important for _____ movements
eye
hand
head
toe
The axons of the retinal ganglion cells lead from the retina to the________ of the ________
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN), thannalmus
Primary Visual Cortex, V1 monocular
Cones, forebrain
Rods, hypothalamus
WHAT Pathway: Object recognition, receives information about color, orientation, form. Damage can cause visual agnosia; Inferotemporal Cortex
WHERE Pathway: Representing locations of things, includes representation of speed and direction of motion. Damage can cause spatial neglect; Located in the Posterior Parietal Cortex
The word superiority effect is the data pattern in which research participants are more accurate and more efficient in recognizing letters if the letters appear within a word isolation nonsense( a word, isolation, nonsense ) than they are in recognizing letters appearing in isolation a word nonsense( isolation, a word, nonsense ).
Repetition priming is a pattern of priming that occurs simply because a stimulus is presented a second time at all for the first time in text( a second time, at all, for the first time, in text )
A problem with object recognition is:
Distance
Orientation
Depth
Spelling
Color
Biederman: Recognition-by-Components (RBC) assumes complex shapes are made of combinations of simple shapes, these simple shapes may be recognizable at different orientations. These shapes, known as _______, make up objects.
Geons
Klingon
Leons
Neons
The Feature Integration Theory: (Triesman and Gelade) proposes feature differences can be detected in parallel,_______. Different types of features must be combined using _______.
Without attention, with attention
With attention, without attention
With a little attention, with a lot of attention
With a lot of attention, with a little attention
Illusory Conjunctions:
Attention is necessary to combine features from different dimensions
If features cannot be correctly “bound” by attention, then they may be combined incorrectly
Experiment involving black letters and shapes
Assumes complex shapes are made of combinations of simple shape
Word appears for brief second, then “mask” follows at same position to stop processing of stimulus
According to Shiffrin and Schneider (1977), practice can eliminate interference in some tasks. To examine this, they used two different types of mapping. _______ Mapping, in which target-set and distractor-set are not alike (i.e. numbers and letters). _______ Mapping, in which target-set and distractor-set are the same
Consistent, varied
Varied, consistent
Consistent, interference
Interference, consistent
Each cognitive task draws on a collection of cognitive resources. When two tasks require the same resources, they:
Interfere with one another
Work together
Draw from the same resource with no effect
Cause the brain to explode
Long-term Memory (LTM):
Significantly larger capacity than STM
Info can remain in LTM for years
Info must be loaded into STM to be recalled
One way to get information into Long Term Memory is through rehearsal
Significantly smaller capacity than STM
Info can remain in LTM forever
Info doesn't need the STM to be recalled
The recency involves the recall of memory. In recalling,
Words are still in STM, easy to recall. However effect can be weakened by overloading STM (participants count back by 3’s)
Words are still in LTM, easy to recall. However effect can be weakened by overloading LTM (participants count back by 3’s)
More rehearsal means better recall. A slower presentation of words means a greater effect.
Less rehearsal means better recall. A slower presentation of words means a smaller effect.
The primacy involves the recall of memory. In recalling,
Words are still in STM, easy to recall. Effect can be weakened by overloading STM (participants count back by 3’s)
Words are still in LTM, easy to recall. Effect can be weakened by overloading LTM (participants count back by 3’s)
More rehearsal means a better recall. If words are presented more slowly, then effect greater,
Less rehearsal means a better recall. If words are presented more slowly, then effect smaller,
The phonological buffer is used:
as a passive storage system used for holding a representation of recently heard or self-produced sounds.
for storing visual materials such as mental images, in much the same way that the rehearsal loop stores speech-based materials.
with the proposal that this term is merely the name for an organized set of activities
to set goals, make plans for reaching those goals, and select the steps needed for implementing those plans.
What sort of symptoms ailed patient H.M.?
Severe anterograde amnesia,
Weak retrograde amnesia after surgery
No new explicit long term memories
Can carry on a normal conversation
Cannot carry on a normal conversation
Was able to remember everything prior to injury, but new memories are not retained
Damage to the Hippocampus Hypothalamus Cerebellum Cortex( Hippocampus, Hypothalamus, Cerebellum, Cortex ) and related brain structures impairs ability to form new long-term explicit memories, not working memory or implicit memory.
Subjects are generally faster to identify a word as a word if they have seen it recently. As with tachistoscopic reading, not a direct memory test, demonstrates some type of memory. The priming in this is another demonstration of memory without awareness, or implicit memory
Lexical Decision Task
Famous Names Test
Feature Integration Theory
Raven's Progressive Matrices
When identifying famous names, subjects often choose unknown names that they saw 24 hours previously. These names sometimes seem familiar, but without any source memory as to where they were seen. Shows the effect of exposure to a stimulus, without asking for explicit memory of the episode in which the stimulus was seen.
Intelligence Tests
According to Collins & Quillian (1969), it takes longer the same amount of time( longer, the same amount of time ) to confirm that a canary is an animal than that a canary is a bird. Possibly because it takes longer shorter the same amount of time( longer, shorter, the same amount of time ) to reach in the hierarchy .
According to Anderson (1974), it takes longer shorter the same amount of time( longer, shorter, the same amount of time ) to build up activation when the nodes involved have many few no( many, few, no ) connections. This could be due to the Fan Effect: number of connections to a node.
According to Barbara Tversky, performance is better is worse is no different( is better, is worse, is no different ) when subjects can tailor their encoding for the specific type of test.
Episodic memory:
Recall of event, recall generally requires a source memory
Being reminded of the learning context helps retrieval because the context is encoded along with the learned material
When a word seems familiar, but you cannot remember specifically learning/hearing it
Produce list of items seen before without examples
Syntax is:
Our ability to combine words into sentences.
Set of syntactic rules that determine whether a sequence of words is a grammatical sentence
If the structure of a sentence can be described by the phrase structure rules, then it is grammatical.
All of the above
None of the above
Broca's Aphasia
Relatively good comprehension, have problems with function words. Severely disrupted production
Unable to comprehend speech. Produce speech that is fluent but meaningless.
Cannot name objects. May be only certain classes of objects: concrete nouns, abstract nouns, inanimate objects, colors
Good hearing, can speak, write, and read. Cannot understand speech
Wernicke's Aphasia
Relatively good comprehension, have problems with function words. Severely disrupted production.
Cannot name objects. May be only certain classes of objects: concrete nouns, abstract nouns, inanimate objects, colors.
Good hearing, can speak, write, and read. Cannot understand speech.
Anomia:
Pure Word Deafness
Image scanning done by Stephen Kosslyn found the longer shorter( longer, shorter ) the "distance" scanned in the image, the longer lack of change( longer, lack of change ) the time before the scan is completed.
In tests of mental rotation done by Roger Shepard, reaction time increases decreases displays no change( increases, decreases, displays no change ) with the amount of rotation from the normal orientation.
A propositional, or descriptive, representation has:
a truth value
an untrue value
a value that cannot be deemed true or false
Analog (depictive) Representation is something about form of representation that ______ form of thing it represents.
matches
does not match the
is a true
is an untrue
According to Kosslyn, what does imagery rely on?
analog image buffer
phonological buffer
visual buffer
visiospatial buffer
When Bisiach & Luzzatti (1979) studied a patient from Milan with left neglect, they found:
They only attended to things on the right visual field
They only attended to things on the left visual field
Describes only buildings to the right
Describes only buildings to the left
When switching to the opposite side, they now only describe only buildings on right, which were the buildings previously ignored
When switching to the opposite side, they now only describe only buildings on left, which were the buildings previously ignored
Availability Representativeness Frequency( Availability, Representativeness, Frequency ) Heuristic: Strategy for estimating the frequency with which something occurs.
Representativeness Availibility Probability( Representativeness, Availibility, Probability ) Heuristic: Estimate probability that an exemplar belongs in a category by assessing how representative that event is of the appropriate category.
Most people tend to seek confirming disconfirming( confirming, disconfirming ) evidence rather than disconfirming confirming( disconfirming, confirming ) evidence due to confirmation disconfirmation( confirmation, disconfirmation ) bias.
In functional fixedness, there is a tendency to be rigid in thinking about an object’s function. The problem set is like a heuristic, which helps to reduce options, but may also eliminate possible solutions. What is the key for solving this problem?
Creativity
Logic
Hill-climbing problem solving
Means-end problem solving
Wallas (1926) argued that creative thought proceeds in four stages. What are these four stages?
Preparation
Incubation
Illumination
Verification
Intelligence
Fluid thinking
What is general intelligence?
One pervasive measure. Factor analysis: looks for common factors—“ingredients”, reveals a general intelligence factor, or g
The ability to deal with new and unusual problems
Acquired knowledge, including your verbal knowledge and your experience
Intelligence needed in day-to-day settings
What is specialized intelligence?
Each measure is separate
Own's emotions and others’ and the ability to control your emotions
What is hierarchical intelligence?
Some aspects are shared across tests
Own emotions and others’ and the ability to control your emotions
What is fluid intelligence?
The ability to deal with new and unusual problems. Decreases with age.
Acquired knowledge, including your verbal knowledge and your experience. Improved with age
What is crystallized intelligence?
Intelligence needed in day-to-day settings.
What is practical intelligence?
What is emotional intelligence?
One pervasive measure
What are some examples of Multiple Inteligences as proposed by Howard Gardner?
psychometric
linguistic
spatial
musical
naturalistic
tv fun facts
food recipes
Environment and genetics play the largest role in intelligence.
In the Flynn Effect, intelligence decrease up 3 points per decade and can be genetic
There are no reliable difference between men and women in their overall IQ scores
Genetic similarities and economic differences are great for intelligence, leads to stereotype threats.
The word “consciousness” is used to refer to a number of different things such as:
Awareness
Thinking
Self-consciousness
Experience
Ability
Grades
Awareness refers to:
We are aware of some mental events, but not others
Solving problems, learning, executing
Introspection, mental representation of self
What is it like to be conscious? Could your conscious experience be produced by the activity in your brain?
Thinking refers to:
Self consciousness refers to:
We are aware of some mental events, but not others.
Experience refers to:
A person has damage to primary visual cortex (V1) . Patient claims to be blind in affected area. When forced to guess about visual stimuli, responses more accurate than chance. They have access to visual information that they are unaware of. Even though they are unaware of this information, it can be used to guide their behavior as they avoid obstacles when walking. What does this patient have?
Broca's aphasia
Blindsight
Achromatopsia
Anomia
