Label this image to show the oesteology of the thoracic cage.
Why do the lungs appear black on an X-ray?
Lung tissue doesn't absorb X-rays
Air doesn't absorb X-rays
The tissue of the lungs is too thick to be shown
The tissue of the lungs is too thin to be shown
What are the wispy lines shown in the lung field, emanating from the heart?
Pulmonary blood vessels
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Coronary blood vessels
Why does the heart appear bright white on x-ray?
It is full of blood which absorbs x-rays
It is full of air which absorbs x-rays
It is full of blood which does not absorb x-rays
Its walls are made of muscle tissue which absorbs x-rays
Why do we use posterior-anterior orientation in chest x-ray?
To prevent false enlargement of the heart
To prevent false shrinkage of the heart
To prevent false consolidation of the lungs
To get a better resolution
Why is the right hemidiaphragm slightly higher than the left?
Due to the presence of the liver
The right lung is smaller
Due to the presence of the stomach
Due to the suspensory ligament of Treitz
How do we visualise the tubular system of the lungs?
Patient inhales imaging gas
X-ray
MRI
CT
The heart appears longer and thinner on x-ray if taken during inspiration.
What is the region of translucency in the bottom right corner of this x-ray?
Gas Bubble in Stomach
Left hemidiaphragm
Liver
Heart
Which of the following are boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?
T1
Inside of first rib
Superior border of manubrium
Inside of second rib
T2
C7
Costal margin
The suprapleural membrane spreads over the superior thoracic aperture.
WHere does the ligament that holds the suprapleural membrane up in a dome shape attach?
Transverse process of C7
Spinous process of C7
Transverse process of T1
Transverse process of C6
Which of the following are borders of the inferior thoracic aperture?
Tip of 11th rib
Inside of 11th rib
Inferior border of 12th rib
T12
T11
Inferior border of manubrium
Where does the diaphragm arch down and attach at?
L1 and L2
L1 only
L2 only
L3
The aorta passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm.
Label this diagram of the superior thoracic aperture. The green coloured area represents the suprapleural membrane.
Label these images to show the anatomy of the diaphragm.
The left hemidiaphragm is innervated by the left phrenic nerve and the right hemidiaphragm is innervated by the right phrenic nerve
Where does the costodiaphragmatic recess occur?
8th-11th intercostal spaces along the midaxillary line
7th-11th intercostal spaces along the midaxillary line
10th and 11th intercostal spaces along the midaxillary line
7th-10th intercostal spaces along the midaxillary line
What does the costodiaphragmatic recess allow us to do?
Access the pleural cavity with less risk to lung tissue
Access the pleural cavity with no risk to lung tissue
Access the vena cava
Access the abdominal arota
What type of nerves are the phrenic nerves?
Somatic
Autonomic
Label this image of the diaphragm from below.
What is the function of the arcuate ligaments?
Separate the diaphragm from the posterior trunk muscles
Suspend the posterior trunk muscles
Separate the diaphragm from the abdominal organs
Join the diaphragm to the lumbar spine
The oesophageal hiatus occurs in the muscle of the diaphragm - what does this mean?
Reflux of stomach contents during breathing is prevented
Diaphragm as a true valve around the oesophagus
Prevents choking during breathing
Enables gastric emptying
The caval hiatus occurs in the . This means that during diaphragmatic the walls of the are pulled apart. This reduces in the vena cava which pulls venous blood up through the abdomen, thus aiding .
Where does parietal pleura become visceral pleura?
At the lung root
At the horizontal fissure
At the oblique fissure
At the diaphragm
What is the purpose of the pulmonary ligament?
Provides room for bronchi to move during expiration/inspiration
Prevents lungs from entering abdominal cavity
Prevents lungs from protruding into the neck
Provides route for bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatics and nerves to enter the lungs
What innervates the pleura?
The phrenic nerves
The cranial accessory nerve XI
Intercostal nerves from thoracic vertebrae
The vagus nerve
What innervates the diaphragmatic and mediastinal pleura?
Phrenic nerves
Vagus nerve
Cranial accessory nerve XI
Why does the normal lung at rest not collapse under its elastic recoil pressure?
Negative pressure in the pleural cavity
Positive pressure in the pleural cavity
Diaphragm contracts to hold lungs open
Bronchi hold lungs open
Label this diagram to show the pleural membranes.